空想性錯視

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File:Martian face viking cropped.jpg
火星塞東尼亞區的一張平頂山的衛星照片,常常被稱為「火星人臉」,並被當作外星生命存在的證據之一,但後來多角度的高清照片顯示出這張「人臉」只是岩石天然形成的。

空想性錯視(英語:Pareidolia),也被稱為空想性錯覺幻想性錯覺,是一種心理現象,指的是大腦對外界的刺激(一副畫面或一段聲音)賦予一個實際的意義,但只是巧合,實際上「意義」並不存在。

人們常常會將諸如雲朵看成動物、人臉、物品等。此外,「[[:{{#if:月面人臉|月面人臉|man in the moon}}|{{#if:月面人臉|月面人臉|man in the moon}}]]英語man in the moon」、「月兔」、音樂倒放、快放、慢放時聽到的「[[:{{#if:隱藏訊息|隱藏訊息|hidden message}}|{{#if:隱藏訊息|隱藏訊息|hidden message}}]]英語hidden message」等都屬於空想性錯視帶來的幻覺。<ref>Jaekel, Philip. Why we hear voices in random noise. Nautilus. [2017-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-24). </ref>

成因[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

File:Pareidolia in dendritic agate.jpg
樹枝狀瑪瑙里的「人」

空想性錯視可使人將隨機的畫面想成人臉。<ref>Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World – Science as a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random House. 1995. ISBN 0-394-53512-X. </ref>2009年一項[[:{{#if:腦磁圖|腦磁圖|magnetoencephalography}}|{{#if:腦磁圖|腦磁圖|magnetoencephalography}}]]英語magnetoencephalography研究顯示,那些被錯視為人臉的物品在大腦的[[:{{#if:梭狀臉區|梭狀臉區|fusiform face area}}|{{#if:梭狀臉區|梭狀臉區|fusiform face area}}]]英語fusiform face area{{#switch:en

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}})產生了較早激活(165毫秒)。這一表現和看見人臉時大腦所產生的反應相似,但人們看到一些其他的常見物時則不會產生這類反應。研究人員認為,由類似人臉產生的物品引發的人臉識別屬於相對的早期處理過程,而不是稍後的認知理解現象。<ref name="pmid19218867">Hadjikhani, Nouchine; Kveraga, Kestutis; Naik, Paulami; Ahlfors, Seppo P. Early (M170) activation of face-specific cortex by face-like objects. NeuroReport. 2009, 20 (4): 403–7. PMC 2713437可免費查閱. PMID 19218867. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328325a8e1. </ref> 2011年的一項功能性磁共振成像研究揭示了類似的現象,反覆展示那些「有意義的」形狀會降低在看到正常物體時,核磁共振的強度。這些研究結果都顯示出人們在處理這些模糊的外界刺激時,會試圖於將其理解成已知的、熟悉的物品。<ref name="pmid22079921">Voss, J. L.; Federmeier, K. D.; Paller, K. A. The Potato Chip Really Does Look Like Elvis! Neural Hallmarks of Conceptual Processing Associated with Finding Novel Shapes Subjectively Meaningful. Cerebral Cortex. 2012, 22 (10): 2354–64. PMC 3432238可免費查閱. PMID 22079921. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr315. </ref>

這些研究解釋了為什麼人們能夠毫不猶豫地將幾個圓形加幾條線組成的圖案看成人臉。那些「像人臉一樣」的物品能夠激活大腦的認知過程,提醒觀察者要注意對方的情緒和對方的同一性。在大腦開始處理信息之前,甚至是在大腦還沒接收到信息之前,這一過程就已經開始。前文描述的那種簡筆畫塗鴉出來似的「火柴人臉」雖然很簡單(寥寥幾筆),但是卻能傳達一些感情信息(這張臉是否悲傷、難過等等)。有一種假說稱,人們的這種反應是在自然選擇的過程中進化而來。那些對於面部表情所傳達的信息能夠明察秋毫的人能夠提前做好相應的措施(比如,受到威脅的時候能夠快速逃脫或準備好進攻),因而獲得了更大的生存機會。這也就是說,那些潛意識中就已經處理好面部信息的人能夠更好地應對突如其來的危機,迅速做出決定,而不用等到大腦慢慢地將信息一點點消化完。<ref name="recog">Svoboda, Elizabeth. Facial Recognition – Brain – Faces, Faces Everywhere. The New York Times (The New York Times). 2007-02-13 [2010-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-17). </ref>這種能力雖然針對探測人類的情感,但是在野生動物身上也有這種功能。<ref name="dog">Dog Tips – Emotions in Canines and Humans. Partnership for Animal Welfare. [2010-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2015-11-17). </ref>

有關現象[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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|Template:Citation/patent |In New Jersey, a Knot in a Tree Trunk Draws the Faithful and the Skeptical, The New York Times, 2012-07-23 [2017-04-30], (原始內容存檔於2021-03-10)  }}.</ref>、觀音菩薩、「安拉」的字樣<ref>Ibrahim, Yahaya. In Maiduguri, a tree with engraved name of God turns spot to a Mecca of sorts. Sunday Trust (Media Trust Limited, Abuja). 2011-01-02 [2012-03-21]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-04). </ref>等其他宗教現象。(參見[[:{{#if:自然現象的宗教聯想|自然現象的宗教聯想|Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena}}|{{#if:自然現象的宗教聯想|自然現象的宗教聯想|Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena}}]]英語Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena

著名的例子[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考資料[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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