空想性错视

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File:Martian face viking cropped.jpg
火星塞东尼亚区的一张平顶山的卫星照片,常常被称为“火星人脸”,并被当作外星生命存在的证据之一,但后来多角度的高清照片显示出这张“人脸”只是岩石天然形成的。

空想性错视(英语:Pareidolia),也被称为空想性错觉幻想性错觉,是一种心理现象,指的是大脑对外界的刺激(一副画面或一段声音)赋予一个实际的意义,但只是巧合,实际上“意义”并不存在。

人们常常会将诸如云朵看成动物、人脸、物品等。此外,“[[:{{#if:月面人脸|月面人脸|man in the moon}}|{{#if:月面人脸|月面人脸|man in the moon}}]]英语man in the moon”、“月兔”、音乐倒放、快放、慢放时听到的“[[:{{#if:隐藏讯息|隐藏讯息|hidden message}}|{{#if:隐藏讯息|隐藏讯息|hidden message}}]]英语hidden message”等都属于空想性错视带来的幻觉。<ref>Jaekel, Philip. Why we hear voices in random noise. Nautilus. [2017-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24). </ref>

成因[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

File:Pareidolia in dendritic agate.jpg
树枝状玛瑙里的“人”

空想性错视可使人将随机的画面想成人脸。<ref>Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World – Science as a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random House. 1995. ISBN 0-394-53512-X. </ref>2009年一项[[:{{#if:脑磁图|脑磁图|magnetoencephalography}}|{{#if:脑磁图|脑磁图|magnetoencephalography}}]]英语magnetoencephalography研究显示,那些被错视为人脸的物品在大脑的[[:{{#if:梭状脸区|梭状脸区|fusiform face area}}|{{#if:梭状脸区|梭状脸区|fusiform face area}}]]英语fusiform face area{{#switch:en

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 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
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}})产生了较早激活(165毫秒)。这一表现和看见人脸时大脑所产生的反应相似,但人们看到一些其他的常见物时则不会产生这类反应。研究人员认为,由类似人脸产生的物品引发的人脸识别属于相对的早期处理过程,而不是稍后的认知理解现象。<ref name="pmid19218867">Hadjikhani, Nouchine; Kveraga, Kestutis; Naik, Paulami; Ahlfors, Seppo P. Early (M170) activation of face-specific cortex by face-like objects. NeuroReport. 2009, 20 (4): 403–7. PMC 2713437可免费查阅. PMID 19218867. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328325a8e1. </ref> 2011年的一项功能性磁共振成像研究揭示了类似的现象,反复展示那些“有意义的”形状会降低在看到正常物体时,核磁共振的强度。这些研究结果都显示出人们在处理这些模糊的外界刺激时,会试图于将其理解成已知的、熟悉的物品。<ref name="pmid22079921">Voss, J. L.; Federmeier, K. D.; Paller, K. A. The Potato Chip Really Does Look Like Elvis! Neural Hallmarks of Conceptual Processing Associated with Finding Novel Shapes Subjectively Meaningful. Cerebral Cortex. 2012, 22 (10): 2354–64. PMC 3432238可免费查阅. PMID 22079921. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr315. </ref>

这些研究解释了为什么人们能够毫不犹豫地将几个圆形加几条线组成的图案看成人脸。那些“像人脸一样”的物品能够激活大脑的认知过程,提醒观察者要注意对方的情绪和对方的同一性。在大脑开始处理信息之前,甚至是在大脑还没接收到信息之前,这一过程就已经开始。前文描述的那种简笔画涂鸦出来似的“火柴人脸”虽然很简单(寥寥几笔),但是却能传达一些感情信息(这张脸是否悲伤、难过等等)。有一种假说称,人们的这种反应是在自然选择的过程中进化而来。那些对于面部表情所传达的信息能够明察秋毫的人能够提前做好相应的措施(比如,受到威胁的时候能够快速逃脱或准备好进攻),因而获得了更大的生存机会。这也就是说,那些潜意识中就已经处理好面部信息的人能够更好地应对突如其来的危机,迅速做出决定,而不用等到大脑慢慢地将信息一点点消化完。<ref name="recog">Svoboda, Elizabeth. Facial Recognition – Brain – Faces, Faces Everywhere. The New York Times (The New York Times). 2007-02-13 [2010-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-17). </ref>这种能力虽然针对探测人类的情感,但是在野生动物身上也有这种功能。<ref name="dog">Dog Tips – Emotions in Canines and Humans. Partnership for Animal Welfare. [2010-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17). </ref>

有关现象[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

 #if: 

|Template:Citation/patent |In New Jersey, a Knot in a Tree Trunk Draws the Faithful and the Skeptical, The New York Times, 2012-07-23 [2017-04-30], (原始内容存档于2021-03-10)  }}.</ref>、观音菩萨、“安拉”的字样<ref>Ibrahim, Yahaya. In Maiduguri, a tree with engraved name of God turns spot to a Mecca of sorts. Sunday Trust (Media Trust Limited, Abuja). 2011-01-02 [2012-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-04). </ref>等其他宗教现象。(参见[[:{{#if:自然现象的宗教联想|自然现象的宗教联想|Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena}}|{{#if:自然现象的宗教联想|自然现象的宗教联想|Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena}}]]英语Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena

著名的例子[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

1 }}
     | references-column-width 
     | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|2}} }}
   | {{#if: 
     | references-column-width }} }}" style="{{#if: 2
   | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: 2 > 1 }}
     | -moz-column-width: {{#if:1|2}}; -webkit-column-width: {{#if:1|2}}; column-width: {{#if:1|2}};
     | -moz-column-count: {{#if:1|2}}; -webkit-column-count: {{#if:1|2}}; column-count: {{#if:1|2}}; }}
   | {{#if: 
     | -moz-column-width: {{{colwidth}}}; -webkit-column-width: {{{colwidth}}}; column-width: {{{colwidth}}}; }} }} list-style-type: {{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
   | upper-roman
   | lower-alpha
   | lower-greek
   | lower-roman = {{{group}}}
   | #default = decimal}};">
<references group=""></references>