确认偏误

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枪械拥有问题等观点二极的议题可以看出人对新证据的偏见诠释。

确认偏误（或称确认偏差、证实偏差、肯证偏误、验证偏误、验证性偏见、我方偏见，英语：Confirmation bias）<ref name="nickerson">Nickerson 1998，第175–220页</ref>是个人选择性地回忆、搜集有利细节，忽略不利或矛盾的资讯，来支持自己已有的想法或假设的趋势<ref name="plous233">Plous 1993，第233页</ref><ref name="郑丽玉2006">郑丽玉. 心理學. 五南图书出版股份有限公司. 2006: 283– [2013-01-17]. ISBN 978-957-11-4381-1. </ref><ref>{{

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|Template:Citation/patent |Plous, Scott, The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making: 233, 1993  }}</ref>，属其中一类认知偏误和归纳推理中的一个系统性错误。当人们选择性收集或回忆信息时，又或带有偏见地解读信息时，他们便展现了确认偏误。

这种偏见尤其显见于带有强烈情绪的问题和传统观念上。例如，人们面对情伤，大多难以割舍，会在反复的情绪中来回摆荡挣扎，过程中不断回顾并对自己给予合理的解释与交代，直到身心得到平衡安顿为止。

回顾与重新认知的过程会建构一个新的认知事实，它受到个人价值观、家人或传统社会的压力、或宗教信仰等批判或趋避的影响，而倾向采取对自己较为有利的说法或选择性的认知，以合理化整个事件，进而化解外部压力并获得身心上的平衡。例如说主张某宗教团体是邪教的人将该宗教经典中一些荒诞迷信的内容，及该团体一些信徒像是不顾配偶反对携带自家小孩参加宗教活动等偏激的行为，给当成该团体是邪教的证据，却忽略宗教经典的内容或部分信徒偏激的个人行为，与一个团体是否是邪教未必相关；或者相信算命的人听到命理师讲的话之后，就采信命理师的话，并把自己过去发生的事情当中，和命理师讲述的相似的部分，给当成算命准确的证据；又例如当谈及枪枝管制问题时，人们常偏好支持自己原立场，观点，也倾向将模棱两可的事实做有利于自己的解释。

偏见的搜索、理解和回忆，常被用来说明态度极化（即使争论双方都依附于相同的根据，争执仍变得极端）、信念固著（在反证出现后依然坚信原有看法）、非理性首因效应（即强烈的“先入为主”效应）及错觉相关（对二件偶然事件做无根据的连结的倾向）等现象。

参见

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• 认知偏误
• 认知偏误列表
• 观察者期望效应
• 选择性接触理论
• 回声室效应
• 特例假设
• 采樱桃谬误
• 诉诸可能
• 单方论证
• 诉诸顽固
• 诉诸对立
• 敌对媒体现象

注脚

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