预防心理学
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心理学 |
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The Greek letter 'psi', a symbol for psychology |
预防心理学(英语:Preventive Psychology)是心理学次领域之一,其目标在于透过改变环境,降低全民发生心理疾病或困扰。专业发展核心在于初级预防之研究与实务,因此属于“心理卫生初级预防”(primary prevention in mental health)取向。除了与社区心理学有紧密关系之外,并且持续拓展至各相关领域的预防努力。<ref name="ref1">Felner, Robert D. ; et al. Preventive psychology : theory, research, and practice . Pergamon. 1983. ISBN 0-08-026340-2. </ref>
兴起背景[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
<ref name="ref1" /><ref>Pransky, Jack. Prevention from the Inside-Out . 1st Books Library. 2003. ISBN 1-4107-0375-4.</ref>
- 1960年代,初级预防成为心理卫生(mental health)领域之重要取向,开启了“现代预防的新纪元”(modern prevention era)。
- 1963年,美国国会通过“社区心理卫生中心法案”(Community Mental Health Centers Act),初级预防被应用在社区心理卫生中心的咨询 与教育方案的相关设计之中。
- 1965年,社区心理学正式诞生,并影响预防心理学的发展。
- 1978年,美国卡特总统主政时期直属总统之“心理卫生特别委员会”(President's Commission on Mental Health)重申预防工作的重要性,并将初级预防列入建议联邦政府八项行动方案之一。
核心概念[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
预防心理学主要强调在改变(如对抗、中和或抵消等)可能对人们心理健康有负面影响的环境,以有效减低心理困扰或问题的新个案(new cases)发生率(incidence)。所以,预防心理学不是要去介入已产生(或发展中)心理困扰、问题或疾病的特定个人(如health psychology),相对的要去设法降低整个人口群体的相关风险。虽然在这样长期努力与正向环境改变之下,仍然会有一些人引发相关的心理困扰或问题,但总人口的新发生个案人数将被减少。<ref name="ref1" /><ref name="ref2">Lewis, Judith A.; Michael D. Lewis, Judy A. Daniels, Michael J. D’Andrea. Community Counseling: Empowerment Strategies for a Diverse Society . Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning. 2003. ISBN 0-534-50626-7. </ref>
方案目标[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
<ref name="ref1" /><ref>Linney, Jean A.; Abraham Wandersman. Prevention Plus III: Assessing Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs at the School and Community Level: A 4-Step Guide to Useful Program Assessment. United States Dept. of Health and Human Services(DHHS) publication. 1991. </ref><ref>Brownson, Ross C.; Elizabeth A. Baker, Lloyd F. Novick. Community-Based Prevention: Programs That Work. Aspen Publishers. 1999. ISBN 0-8342-1241-2. </ref>
- 方案对象必须是群体(mass-oriented)、团体取向(group-oriented)或系统层次(system level),绝非是个人(individuals)。
- 方案对象必须是状况良好(well)的大众,而不是已经有心理困扰或问题的人,因为预防介入重点在于环境的相关负面影响。
- 方案目标必须有理论与实证基础(evidence-based),以期能够提升对象群体的心理健康强度或降低其心理不适的风险几率。
- 预防方案通常须要设定长期的目标(有时5年、10年或更久)。
方程式[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
<ref>Dalton, James H.; Maurice J. Elias, Abraham Wandersman. Community psychology: linking individuals and communities. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning]. 2007. ISBN 0-534-63454-0. </ref>
心理卫生初级预防的保护与危险因子[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
<ref>Hunter Institute of Mental Health. Building Better Mental Health: A Framework for the Promotion of Mental Health and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health in NSW (PDF). 2010 [2010-09-06].{{#switch:¬
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:26_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (26=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = {{#if:带有失效链接的条目
|[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}带有失效链接的条目]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}带有失效链接的条目| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}| | }} }} }}}}
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|預防心理學}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:26_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{字词转换器深度越限(10){#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:26_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (26=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = {{#if:带有失效链接的条目
|[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}带有失效链接的条目]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}带有失效链接的条目| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}| | }} }} }}}}
| talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|预防心理学||{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}|十一月 2017|{{#time:Y年n月|2017-11}}}}||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} | }}
}} }}
}}{{#if:
|[{{#if: |{{{pre-text}}} }}{{#if: |{{{post-text}}} }}]|[{{#if: |-{zh:失效連結;zh-tw:失效連結;zh-cn:失效链接|{{#if:|永久失效链接|失效链接}}}}]
}}{{#if:|}}</ref>
层面 | 保护因子 | 危险因子 |
---|---|---|
个人 |
正向的自我意识 良好的因应技巧 社会技巧 依附家庭 良好的身体健康 |
低自尊 低自我效能 缺乏因应技巧 儿童时期的不安全依附关系 身体与智能上的障碍 |
社区 |
早期依附的正向经验 支持性的照顾父母/家庭 良好的沟通技巧 支持性的社会关系 自我意识与归属感 社区参与 |
虐待与暴力 分离与失落 同侪拒绝 社会孤立 |
结构 |
安全可靠的生活环境 经济稳定 工作就业 正向的教育经验 获得支持性的服务 |
邻里的暴力与犯罪 贫穷 失业或经济不稳定 流落街头 学业失败 社会或文化上的歧视 缺乏支持性的服务 |
开拓者[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- George Wilson Albee (1921-2006)
- Emory Cowen
- James G. Kelley(个人网站 {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}})
- Richard Price
- Martin Bloom
相关条目[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:Lua错误 在Module:Commons_link的第64行:attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value) |
参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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延伸阅读[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- Albee, George W.; Thomas P. Gullotta. -{字词转换器深度越限(10)R| Primary Prevention Works. Sage Publications. 1997. ISBN 0-7619-0468-9.
- Albee, George W. Prevention, not Treatment, is the only Hope. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 1999, 12(2): 133–146.
- Coie, John D.; Norman F. Watt, Stephen G. West, J. David Hawkins, Joan R. Asarnow, Howard J. markman, Sharon L. Ramey, Myrna B. Shure, Beverly Long. The Science of Prevention: A Conceptual Framework and Some Directions for a National Research Program. American Psychologist. 1993, 48(10): 1013–1022.
- Hess, Robert E.; John Morgan. Prevention in Community Mental Health Centers . Haworth Press. 1990. ISBN 0-86656-999-5.
- Clay, Rebecca A. Prevention works. Monitor on Psychology. 2009, 40(8): 42. 外部链接存在于
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