過程追蹤

[[Category:需要從{{#if: en | 英語 | 外語 }}維基百科翻譯的條目]][[Category:需要從{{#if: en | 英語 | 外語 }}維基百科翻譯的條目]][[Category:{{#if: | 需要從{{ISO 639 name {{{2}}}}}維基百科翻譯的條目}}]][[Category:{{#if: | 需要從{{ISO 639 name {{{2}}}}}維基百科翻譯的條目}}]][[Category:{{#if: | 需要從{{ISO 639 name {{{3}}}}}維基百科翻譯的條目}}]][[Category:{{#if: | 需要從{{ISO 639 name {{{3}}}}}維基百科翻譯的條目}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{small}}}|left|}}

過程追蹤（process tracing）是一種用於開發和檢驗理論的研究方法。<ref name=":0">Collier, David. Understanding Process Tracing. PS: Political Science & Politics. 2011, 44 (4): 823–830. ISSN 1049-0965. doi:10.1017/s1049096511001429 可免費查閱. </ref><ref name="Handbook2011">Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M.; Kühberger, A.; Ranyard, R. (編). A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research: A Critical Review and User's Guide. New York: Taylor & Francis. 2011. </ref><ref>Ford, J. Kevin; Schmitt, Neal; Schechtman, Susan L.; Hults, Brian M.; Doherty, Mary L. Process Tracing Methods: Contributions, Problems, and Neglected Research Questions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1989, 43 (1): 75–117. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90059-9. </ref>該方法通常被理解為一種基於因果機制進行推論的「案例內」方法。<ref>Jacobs, Alan M.; Büthe, Tim; Arjona, Ana; Arriola, Leonardo R.; Bellin, Eva; Bennett, Andrew; Björkman, Lisa; Bleich, Erik; Elkins, Zachary; Fairfield, Tasha; Gaikwad, Nikhar. The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications. Perspectives on Politics. 2021,. Supplementary materials, Pt 2: 171–208 [2023-04-29]. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 232050726. doi:10.1017/S1537592720001164. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-08） （English）. </ref><ref name=":2">Bennett, Andrew. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M; Brady, Henry E; Collier, David , 編. Process Tracing: a Bayesian Perspective. The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. 2008 [2023-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-19-928654-6. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.001.0001. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-23） （English）. </ref>該方法被用於社會科學（如心理學<ref name="Handbook20112">Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M.; Kühberger, A.; Ranyard, R. (編). A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research: A Critical Review and User's Guide. New York: Taylor & Francis. 2011. </ref>）以及自然科學。<ref name=":2" />

使用過程追蹤的學者根據測試（特別是風中稻草測試、箍測試、確鑿證據測試、雙重決定性測試）的強度評估證據的權重。<ref name=":2" />重要的不僅僅是觀察的數量，還有觀察的質量和方式。<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Handbook20112" />使用貝葉斯概率，可以通過過程跟蹤從一小部分數據中做出強有力的因果推斷。<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Fairfield, Tasha; Charman, Andrew E. Social Inquiry and Bayesian Inference. Cambridge University Press. 2022. ISBN 978-1-108-42164-5 （English）. </ref>過程追蹤是一種突出的案例研究方法。<ref name=":4">Mahoney, James. Mechanisms, Bayesianism, and process tracing. New Political Economy. 2016-09-02, 21 (5): 493–499. ISSN 1356-3467. S2CID 156167903. doi:10.1080/13563467.2016.1201803. </ref>

延伸閱讀

• Bennett, A. and A.L. George (2001). "Case Studies and Process Tracing in History and Political Science: Similar Strokes for Different Foci" in C. Elman and M.F. Elman (eds.) Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists, and the Study of International Relations. MIT Press pp. 137–166.
• Checkel. J. T. (2006) "Tracing Causal Mechanisms." The International Studies Review 8: 362-370.
• Checkel, J. T. (2008) "Process Tracing." in A. Klotz and D. Prakash (eds.) Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. Palgrave. pp. 114–129.
• Vennesson, P. and I. Wiesner (2014) "Process Tracing in Case Studies." in J. Soeters, P. Shields and S Reitjens (eds) Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies. Routledge. pp. 92–103.