语义饱和

在长时间看到一个汉字后，可能会突然产生不认识该字的陌生感

语义饱和（英语：semantic satiation），又称字形饱和、完形崩坏（日语：ゲシュタルト崩壊{{#if:|{{safesubst:#switch:

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| main = | other | #default = }}}}，德语：Gestaltzerfall），是一种心理学现象，指的是人在重复盯着一个字或者一个单词长时间后，会发生突然不认识该字或者单词的情况。此过程仅为暂时，心理学上认为其原因是人的大脑神经如果短时间内接收到太多重复的刺激，就会引起神经活动的抑制，造成对常用字突然不认识的现象。

语义饱和是犹昧感现象的一种。

原理[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

语义饱和的原理在于“注意力转移”，当人眼对一个字盯了一段时间后，大脑会不由自主地只注意字的某一部分，从而使这个字丧失了整体感，继而对这个字的读音和意义的记忆也会变得模糊<ref>Fujia. 陌生的熟悉字（三）. 科学松鼠会. [2013-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-14）. </ref>。这种大脑的行为不是人为可以控制的，因为在盯着一个字太久之后，会自动引起神经活动的抑制，形成联想阻断。无论是中文还是英文，这种饱和阻断现象均发生在字形到语义的联接过程中<ref>袁杰. 汉字“字形饱和”现象的形义联接解释. 汕头大学2011年硕士论文. 本文采用快速重复启动范式(speeded repetition priming paradigm)与类别匹配任务(category matching task)直接去探究汉字饱和现象是发生在字形加工阶段,还是发生其他阶段,比如字形到语义的联接阶段(associative level)或者语义加工阶段(semantic level);本文所采用的方法已成功地对英语中对应的现象——语义饱和(Semantic Satiation)——进行了研究,并且发现“语义饱和”现象实际上发生在字形与字义的联接过程中。 </ref>。因此，人先会对字音感到困惑，继而失去对字义的联想能力。

日本学者二濑由理的研究指出当这些字大小相同时，识别需要的时间较长；若这些字大小不同时，只有在这些字的字体不同时才会有明显的语义饱和出现<ref>Ninose, Yuri; Gyoba, Jiro. Delays produced by prolonged viewing in the recognition of Kanji characters: Analysis of the "Gestaltzerfall" phenomenon.. The Japanese journal of psychology. 1996, 67 (3): 227–231 [2022-05-06]. ISSN 1884-1082. PMID 8981675. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.67.227. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）（日本语）. </ref>。

历史名称[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

语义饱和这个词最早由加拿大麦吉尔大学的博士莱昂·詹姆斯于1962年在他的论文中提出<ref>Jakobovits, Leon A. Effects of repeated stimulation on cognitive aspects of behavior: some experiments on the phenomenon of semantic satiation. 1962 [2022-05-06]. OCLC 893480031. （原始内容存档于2022-06-18）（English）. </ref>。当时他用的是“语言饱和”这个词。除此以外，不少学者曾用各种词来形容这一现象{{#if:||}}{{#if: |<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}" name="{{{name}}}">这些词汇及其使用者在莱昂·詹姆斯的论文中已列出。</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}">这些词汇及其使用者在莱昂·詹姆斯的论文中已列出。</ref> }}{{#if:||}}：

抑制（inhibition）（赫伯特（Herbert，全名不详），原文章名和出版刊物不详，莱昂·詹姆斯在论文中只说Herbert所用的术语在Boring, E.G的《A history of experimental psychology》被提及到了，1824年）
心理疲劳（mental fatigue）（道奇（Dodge, R.），《The laws of relative fatigue》，1917年）
词义隔绝（lapse of meaning）（巴塞特（Bassett, M.F.）和沃恩（Warne, C.J.），《On the lapse of verbal meaning with repetition》，1919年）
工作递减（work decrement）（罗宾逊（Robinson, E.S.）和比尔兹（Bills, A.G.）{{#if:||}}{{#if:

|<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}" name="{{{name}}}">“Bills”一名在原文的参考资料部分中也被错拼成“Dills”过。估计是文献在电子录入时发生的错误。</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}">“Bills”一名在原文的参考资料部分中也被错拼成“Dills”过。估计是文献在电子录入时发生的错误。</ref> }}{{#if:||}}，《Two factors in the work decrement》，1926年）

大脑皮层的抑制（cortical inhibition）（巴甫洛夫（Pavlov, I.），未提到具体的文章标题，192?{{#if:||}}{{#if:

|<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}" name="{{{name}}}">原文如此，年份的最后一位数不确定</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|注|注}}">原文如此，年份的最后一位数不确定</ref> }}{{#if:||}}年）

适应（adaptation）(吉布森(Gibson, J.J.)，《Adaptation with negative after-effect》，1937年）
灭绝（extinction）（希尔加德(Hilgard, E.R.）和马奎斯（Marquis, D.G.），未提到具体的文章标题，1940年）
饱和（satiation）（科勒（Kohler, W.）和瓦拉赫（Wallach, H.），《Figural after-effects》，1940年）
反应抑制（inhibition）（赫尔(Hull, C.L.），未提到具体的文章标题，1911年）
刺激饱和（stimulus satiation）（西恩格兰泽(Glanzer, M.），《Stimulus satiation: An explanation of spontaneous alternation and related phenomena》，1953年）
记忆力迟钝（reminiscence）（艾森克（Eysenck, H.J.），《Reminiscence, drive, and personality theory》，1956年）
语言饱和（verbal satiation）（史密斯(Smith, D.E. P.）和瑞格（Raygor, A.L.），《Verbal satiation and personality》，1956年）
语言转化（verbal transformation）（沃伦（Warren, R.M.），《Illusory changes in repeated words: Differences between young adults and the aged》和《Illusory changes of distinct speech upon repetition—the verbal transformation》，1961年）

应用[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

语义饱和可以用于抑制演讲焦虑。对于患有口吃的患者，可以通过反复地重复一些单词，使得大脑的神经疲倦，继而弱化因此而产生的焦虑症状<ref>Jakobovits, Leon A. Semantic Satiation and Cognitive Dynamics. The Journal of Special Education. 1967-10, 2 (1): 35–44 [2022-05-06]. ISSN 0022-4669. doi:10.1177/002246696700200103. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）（English）. </ref>。

更普遍的情形[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

不仅在于语言，如果对一幅熟人的照片或一个熟悉的地点，观察了过久之后都有可能会突然觉得陌生起来。

类似的“神经疲倦”现象不止如此，有时也能导致感官抑制。例如人长时间处于喷有香水的房间，对香味的感官也会暂时消失，感觉不到香水的味道。（即嗅觉疲劳）{{#if: 莱昂·詹姆斯对不同的实验对象，用不同的语言的单词，图片甚至数字做测试，发现被实验者均出现了短暂性的语义饱和症状。|莱昂·詹姆斯对不同的实验对象，用不同的语言的单词，图片甚至数字做测试，发现被实验者均出现了短暂性的语义饱和症状。}} {{#switch:¬

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流行文化[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

在爱伦·坡的短篇小说《贝勒尼基（英语：-{Berenice (short story)）》中，主人公提到：“重复一些单调的常用字，直到声音重复的过于频繁，不再向大脑传递达任何思想。”<ref>Berenice by Edgar Allan Poe. Online-literature.com. 2007-01-26 [2012-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-18）. </ref>
《六人行》中的一集曾经提到，主角重复“{{#switch:en

|zh|gan|zh-yue = Tartlets
|jp|jap = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：日文請使用ja
|gr = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Tartlets模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Tartlets}}{{#switch:en
|ar|arc|arz|az|ckb|dv|fa|glk|ha|he|ks|ku|mzn|pnb|ps|ug|ur|yi = ‎
|#default = }}{{#if:
 {{#ifeq:  | true
 | dontcat    
 }}{{#ifeq:  | no
 | dontcat
 }}{{#switch: ¬
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 | ¬   =   
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 | {{#if:{{#titleparts:语义饱和|0|3}}
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     | basepage
     }}
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| basepage =

| subpage = dontcat

| subsubpage = dontcat

}}

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| basepage = dontcat

| subpage = | subsubpage = }}

}}

| |

 {{#switch:
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|

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   }}
 | hide = 
 | #default  = 
   {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 |  [[Category:含有{{#switch:en
 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
   |英語
   |非中文內容
   }}
 }}的條目]] 
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 |语义饱和}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no
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 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
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 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
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 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
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}}”太多次，直到发现自己忘记了这个词的意思<ref>-{R|Quotes from "Friends: The One with the Stoned Guy". IMDb. [2022-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）. </ref>。

[[:{{#if:特里·卡尔|特里·卡尔|Terry Carr}}|{{#if:特里·卡尔|特里·卡尔|Terry Carr}}]]（英语：Terry Carr）的小说《{{#switch:en

|zh|gan|zh-yue = Stanley Toothbrush
|jp|jap = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：日文請使用ja
|gr = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Stanley Toothbrush模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Stanley Toothbrush}}{{#switch:en
|ar|arc|arz|az|ckb|dv|fa|glk|ha|he|ks|ku|mzn|pnb|ps|ug|ur|yi = ‎
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 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
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 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
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 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
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}}》中曾经提到，主角重复“书架”这个词太多遍，以至于完全忘了书架是什么意思。继而发现自己房间里的书架都消失了。

[[:{{#if:托尼·伯吉斯|托尼·伯吉斯|Tony_Burgess_(author)}}|{{#if:托尼·伯吉斯|托尼·伯吉斯|Tony_Burgess_(author)}}]]（英语：-{Tony_Burgess_(author)）的小说《[[:{{#if:庞蒂浦改变一切|庞蒂浦改变一切|Pontypool Changes Everything}}|{{#if:庞蒂浦改变一切|庞蒂浦改变一切|Pontypool Changes Everything}}]]（英语：Pontypool Changes Everything）》也提到了语义饱和的现象。
在奇幻小说集《猫头鹰守护神》中，年幼的猫头鹰重复叫着自己的名字以至于反而忘却了自己的名字，以适应别人给的新名字。
美剧《追爱总动员》(How I Met Your Mother)的第五季第三集“罗宾101”中，泰迪提到“任何一个词，重复了100遍都会感觉怪怪的。”然后重复说“碗”这个单词，把自己说糊涂了。
在动画《探险活宝》中，艾薇尔重复“有趣”这个单词太多次，直到发现这个单词开始“听起来有点怪”。
在日本侦探漫画《名侦探柯南》单行本第75集中的一则故事里（动画第655集《毒与幻的设计》），犯案者以完形崩坏原理作为谋害被害人的手法。
在条漫网站Comico上连载的漫画《惊魂之夜》的第三十三集“完形崩坏”中，魂春为了寻找失踪的和雨，在公寓中面对对镜尝试了以语义饱和为原理的怪谈。（对着镜中的自己问"你是谁")<ref>惊魂之夜. 天满 - comico全彩长条漫画. [2019-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-18）. </ref>
台湾知名综艺节目《天才冲冲冲》的游戏环节《燃烧吧!关键字》当中，由于需一直盯着同一个字造词，艺人时常会有完型崩坏的现象。

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

格式塔学派
犹昧感（英语：Jamais vu）

注释与参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注释[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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扩展阅读[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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Warren, Richard M. ILLUSORY CHANGES OF DISTINCT SPEECH UPON REPETITION-THE VERBAL TRANSFORMATION EFFECT. British Journal of Psychology. 1961-08, 52 (3): 249–258 [2022-05-06]. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00787.x. （原始内容存档于2020-10-05）（English）.
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ja:ゲシュタルト崩壊

语义饱和

目录

原理[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

历史名称[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

应用[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

更普遍的情形[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

流行文化[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注释与参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注释[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

扩展阅读[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

导航菜单

语义饱和

原理[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

历史名称[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

应用[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

更普遍的情形[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

流行文化[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注释与参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注释[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考资料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

扩展阅读[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

导航菜单

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