觀察者期望效應
觀察者期望效應（Observer-expectancy effect）是認知偏見的一種。在科學實驗中，由於觀察者預期某些測試結果，於是無意識地以某種形式操縱了實驗步驟，或錯誤解釋實驗結果以達至他們希望得到的結論。觀察者期望效應能嚴重歪曲實驗結果，因此需利用雙盲方式進行實驗來消除這效應。
概念[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
很多實驗經常是受觀察者期望效應影響而出現奇怪結果，尤其在以人類為對象的實驗。觀察者期望效應最常出現於超自然現象研究。
聰明漢斯（Clever Hans）是著名的觀察者期望效應例子。聰明漢斯是一匹懂得算術和做出各式各樣驚奇技能的馬，{{#if: 而事實上聰明漢斯不是真的懂得算術，而是靠訓練員和觀察者無意識下給予的暗示（例如：表情、姿勢）得出正確答案|而事實上聰明漢斯不是真的懂得算術，而是靠訓練員和觀察者無意識下給予的暗示（例如：表情、姿勢）得出正確答案}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00|自{{#time:Y年F|2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00|{{#time:j|2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00||無}}觀察者期望效應]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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在另一實驗，實驗人員事先告訴一群小孩他們培養了兩個實驗老鼠品種：一種聰明，一種呆笨，然後安排小孩觀察老鼠逃離迷宮。小孩報告聰明品種老鼠比呆笨品種老鼠更快逃離迷宮，而事實上所有實驗老鼠只是隨機挑選出來而已。
參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:28_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch:
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:28_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch:
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|ar = 阿拉伯語 |en|eng = 英語 |es = Template:ISO 639 name es |de = 德語 |fr = 法語 |ja|jp|jap= 日語 |bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg |cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs |da = Template:ISO 639 name da |nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl |et = Template:ISO 639 name et |fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi |el|gre = 希臘語 |hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu |ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga |grc = 古希臘語 |kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr |la|lat = 拉丁語 |cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy |sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目 |英語 |非中文內容 }} }}的條目]]}}
| talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} }} | {{#switch:
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|ar = 阿拉伯語 |en|eng = 英語 |es = Template:ISO 639 name es |de = 德語 |fr = 法語 |ja|jp|jap= 日語 |bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg |cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs |da = Template:ISO 639 name da |nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl |et = Template:ISO 639 name et |fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi |el|gre = 希臘語 |hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu |ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga |grc = 古希臘語 |kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr |la|lat = 拉丁語 |cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy |sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目 |英語 |非中文內容 }} }}的條目]]}}
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|jp|jap = -{Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：日文請使用ja
|gr = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Reflexivity}}{{#switch:en
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{{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | [[Category:含有{{#switch:en
|ar = 阿拉伯語
|en|eng = 英語
|es = Template:ISO 639 name es
|de = 德語
|fr = 法語
|ja|jp|jap= 日語
|bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg
|cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs
|da = Template:ISO 639 name da
|nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl
|et = Template:ISO 639 name et
|fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi
|el|gre = 希臘語
|hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu
|ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga
|grc = 古希臘語
|kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr
|la|lat = 拉丁語
|cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy
|sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl
|zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
|zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
|#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
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|
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- 知識回饋（epistemic feedback）
外部連結[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
- Skeptic's Dictionary on the Experimenter Effect {{#if:||（}}頁面存檔備份，存於-{zh-cn:互聯網檔案館;zh-tw:互聯網檔案館;zh-hk:互聯網檔案館;zh-sg:互聯網檔案館;{{#if:||）}}
- The rat study {{#if:||（}}頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館{{#if:||）}}
- An article that speaks of Expectancy effects in paranormal investigation {{#if:||（}}頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館{{#if:||）}}
- Another article by Rupert Sheldrake
| 小作品圖示 | 這是一篇與心理學及精神疾病相關的小作品。你可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。 |
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