观察者期望效应
观察者期望效应（Observer-expectancy effect）是认知偏见的一种。在科学实验中，由于观察者预期某些测试结果，于是无意识地以某种形式操纵了实验步骤，或错误解释实验结果以达至他们希望得到的结论。观察者期望效应能严重歪曲实验结果，因此需利用双盲方式进行实验来消除这效应。
概念[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
很多实验经常是受观察者期望效应影响而出现奇怪结果，尤其在以人类为对象的实验。观察者期望效应最常出现于超自然现象研究。
聪明汉斯（Clever Hans）是著名的观察者期望效应例子。聪明汉斯是一匹懂得算术和做出各式各样惊奇技能的马，{{#if: 而事实上聪明汉斯不是真的懂得算术，而是靠训练员和观察者无意识下给予的暗示（例如：表情、姿势）得出正确答案|而事实上聪明汉斯不是真的懂得算术，而是靠训练员和观察者无意识下给予的暗示（例如：表情、姿势）得出正确答案}}[来源请求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00|自{{#time:Y年F|2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00}}}}有未列明来源语句的条目|{{#switch:{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00|{{#time:j|2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|旧}}{{#if:2020-12-13T05:19:15+00:00||无}}观察者期望效应]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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在另一实验，实验人员事先告诉一群小孩他们培养了两个实验老鼠品种：一种聪明，一种呆笨，然后安排小孩观察老鼠逃离迷宫。小孩报告聪明品种老鼠比呆笨品种老鼠更快逃离迷宫，而事实上所有实验老鼠只是随机挑选出来而已。
参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:28_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch:
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|ar = 阿拉伯語 |en|eng = 英語 |es = Template:ISO 639 name es |de = 德語 |fr = 法語 |ja|jp|jap= 日語 |bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg |cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs |da = Template:ISO 639 name da |nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl |et = Template:ISO 639 name et |fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi |el|gre = 希臘語 |hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu |ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga |grc = 古希臘語 |kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr |la|lat = 拉丁語 |cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy |sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目 |英語 |非中文內容 }} }}的條目]]}}
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|ar = 阿拉伯語 |en|eng = 英語 |es = Template:ISO 639 name es |de = 德語 |fr = 法語 |ja|jp|jap= 日語 |bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg |cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs |da = Template:ISO 639 name da |nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl |et = Template:ISO 639 name et |fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi |el|gre = 希臘語 |hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu |ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga |grc = 古希臘語 |kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr |la|lat = 拉丁語 |cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy |sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目 |英語 |非中文內容 }} }}的條目]]}}
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|gr = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Reflexivity模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Reflexivity}}{{#switch:en
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|ar = 阿拉伯語
|en|eng = 英語
|es = Template:ISO 639 name es
|de = 德語
|fr = 法語
|ja|jp|jap= 日語
|bg = Template:ISO 639 name bg
|cs = Template:ISO 639 name cs
|da = Template:ISO 639 name da
|nl = Template:ISO 639 name nl
|et = Template:ISO 639 name et
|fi = Template:ISO 639 name fi
|el|gre = 希臘語
|hu = Template:ISO 639 name hu
|ga = Template:ISO 639 name ga
|grc = 古希臘語
|kr = Template:ISO 639 name kr
|la|lat = 拉丁語
|cy = Template:ISO 639 name cy
|sl|slv = Template:ISO 639 name sl
|zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
|zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
|#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
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}}）
- 知识回馈（epistemic feedback）
外部连结[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- Skeptic's Dictionary on the Experimenter Effect {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于-{zh-cn:互联网档案馆;zh-tw:网际网路档案馆;zh-hk:互联网档案馆;zh-sg:互联网档案馆;{{#if:||）}}
- The rat study {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}
- An article that speaks of Expectancy effects in paranormal investigation {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}
- Another article by Rupert Sheldrake
| 小作品图示 | 这是一篇与心理学及精神疾病相关的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 |
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