素質—壓力模式

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{{#if:Diathesis stress model graph.svg|}}素質-壓力模式預測當人們本身的傾向與壓力加在一起,超過一定水平就會發病。當給予適當的解壓方法或支持,發病的閾值會上升,減低壓力的影響。
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}}{{#if:|}}素質—壓力模型(英語:diathesis-stress model)<ref>APA Dictionary of Psychology. dictionary.apa.org. [2019-03-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-27) (English). </ref>是一個心理學理論,此理論嘗試去解釋心理疾病的成因,主要應用於精神病理學<ref name="Sigelman">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。這個模型也可以用來研究先天與後天在人一生中對於心理疾病的交互作用<ref name="Sigelman2">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。

當一個預先存在且易受傷害(英語:vulnerability)的脆弱體質或身體素質,被極其緊張的生活事件所激活,兩者加起超過一定閾值,就會導致例如疾病的發生<ref name="Lazarus">Lazarus R. S. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks (PDF). Annual Review of Psychology. 1993, 44 (1): 1–21 [2019-03-29]. PMID 8434890. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-10-21). </ref>。例如,這個模型可以解釋兩個人雖然面對一樣壓力,但只有其中一個會病發出憂鬱症<ref name="Sigelman3">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。另外,其他如焦慮和藥物濫用是可以共同發生的其他精神問題。兒童時期的創傷也與憂鬱症的嚴重程度,對治療缺乏反應和患病時間長有關。童年受創傷後更容易引發精神疾病如憂鬱症。也提出了各種基因控制易患病性<ref>Department of Health and Human Services. The fundamentals of mental health and mental illness (PDF). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. 1999 [2008-11-11]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-02-27). </ref>。不同的家庭病史也解釋了有些人會更高風險對某種疾病<ref name="Gazelle">Gazelle H.; Ladd G. W. Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development. 2003, 74: 257–278. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00534. </ref>。

精神心理疾病是由於患者體質上的某些弱點,如基因異常<ref name="Sigelman5">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>、腦部或身體其他系統的異常等,使其對環境壓力的承受能力降低。如果他在生活中遭遇到的壓力不高,則先天脆弱的系統還能承受;一旦在身體、親情、學業、工作或社會方面遭遇到困難與壓力,脆弱的系統就無法支撐而失能,甚至崩潰,此時精神疾病就會發作。例如,知覺失調症雖然與遺傳有密切關係,致病基因從出生後就存在,但它之所以過了青春期後才發作,可能的原因就是青春期無論在身體發育、心智負荷或人際關係上,都會出現重大的衝擊與變化,需要應付的壓力變得比從前沉重,使得帶有致病基因的個體再也無法因應,從而出現精神疾病的不適症狀。

File:Diathesis stress model cup analogy.svg
杯子有比喻解釋即使面對同一個程度壓力,有些人本身更易受影響而發病。

引伸概念[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

保護因子(英語:Protective factors)相對於危險因子,指一些可以抵消或減輕壓力源或疾病的作用<ref name="ACF">Administration for Children and Families (2012). Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}}</ref>,例如一些家長與子女間依附、個人的性格<ref name="NeuroticismMA">Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J. Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants. Psychological Medicine. 2016, 46 (14): 2883–2906. PMID 27523506. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. </ref><ref name="Ormel2013">Ormel J.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Kotov, M.; Riese, H.; Bos, E.H.; Hankin, B. Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013, 33 (5): 686–697. PMC 4382368可免費查閱. PMID 23702592. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003. </ref>。有些疾病會有一個易發時機,有些人們在這個時段內會比其他人更易病發<ref name="Barlow">Barlow, D. H. & Durand, V. M. (2009). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. {{#if:||(}}頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館{{#if:||)}} Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.</ref>。

參看[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考文獻[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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