素质—压力模式

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{{#if:Diathesis stress model graph.svg|}}素质-压力模式预测当人们本身的倾向与压力加在一起,超过一定水平就会发病。当给予适当的解压方法或支持,发病的阈值会上升,减低压力的影响。
{{#ifeq:{{{float}}}|center|

}}{{#if:|}}素质—压力模型(英语:diathesis-stress model)<ref>APA Dictionary of Psychology. dictionary.apa.org. [2019-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-27) (English). </ref>是一个心理学理论,此理论尝试去解释心理疾病的成因,主要应用于精神病理学<ref name="Sigelman">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。这个模型也可以用来研究先天与后天在人一生中对于心理疾病的交互作用<ref name="Sigelman2">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。

当一个预先存在且易受伤害(英语:vulnerability)的脆弱体质或身体素质,被极其紧张的生活事件所激活,两者加起超过一定阈值,就会导致例如疾病的发生<ref name="Lazarus">Lazarus R. S. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks (PDF). Annual Review of Psychology. 1993, 44 (1): 1–21 [2019-03-29]. PMID 8434890. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-21). </ref>。例如,这个模型可以解释两个人虽然面对一样压力,但只有其中一个会病发出忧郁症<ref name="Sigelman3">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。另外,其他如焦虑和药物滥用是可以共同发生的其他精神问题。儿童时期的创伤也与忧郁症的严重程度,对治疗缺乏反应和患病时间长有关。童年受创伤后更容易引发精神疾病如忧郁症。也提出了各种基因控制易患病性<ref>Department of Health and Human Services. The fundamentals of mental health and mental illness (PDF). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. 1999 [2008-11-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-27). </ref>。不同的家庭病史也解释了有些人会更高风险对某种疾病<ref name="Gazelle">Gazelle H.; Ladd G. W. Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development. 2003, 74: 257–278. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00534. </ref>。

精神心理疾病是由于患者体质上的某些弱点,如基因异常<ref name="Sigelman5">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). Developmental psychopathology. {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}} Life-span human development (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>、脑部或身体其他系统的异常等,使其对环境压力的承受能力降低。如果他在生活中遭遇到的压力不高,则先天脆弱的系统还能承受;一旦在身体、亲情、学业、工作或社会方面遭遇到困难与压力,脆弱的系统就无法支撑而失能,甚至崩溃,此时精神疾病就会发作。例如,知觉失调症虽然与遗传有密切关系,致病基因从出生后就存在,但它之所以过了青春期后才发作,可能的原因就是青春期无论在身体发育、心智负荷或人际关系上,都会出现重大的冲击与变化,需要应付的压力变得比从前沉重,使得带有致病基因的个体再也无法因应,从而出现精神疾病的不适症状。

File:Diathesis stress model cup analogy.svg
杯子有比喻解释即使面对同一个程度压力,有些人本身更易受影响而发病。

引伸概念[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

保护因子(英语:Protective factors)相对于危险因子,指一些可以抵消或减轻压力源或疾病的作用<ref name="ACF">Administration for Children and Families (2012). Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}}</ref>,例如一些家长与子女间依附、个人的性格<ref name="NeuroticismMA">Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J. Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants. Psychological Medicine. 2016, 46 (14): 2883–2906. PMID 27523506. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. </ref><ref name="Ormel2013">Ormel J.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Kotov, M.; Riese, H.; Bos, E.H.; Hankin, B. Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013, 33 (5): 686–697. PMC 4382368可免费查阅. PMID 23702592. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003. </ref>。有些疾病会有一个易发时机,有些人们在这个时段内会比其他人更易病发<ref name="Barlow">Barlow, D. H. & Durand, V. M. (2009). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}} Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.</ref>。

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