精神药理学
心理学 |
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The Greek letter 'psi', a symbol for psychology |
心理药物学(英文:Psychopharmacology )是指以科学方法研究预备、使用心理疾病药物及这些药物的效用。心理疾病相关药物称为psychotropic medications(psycho:心理的;tropic:作用于)。
主要概念<ref>L., Hart, Carl. Drugs, society & human behavior 15th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2013. ISBN 9780073529745. OCLC 808107397. </ref>[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
基本概念[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- 心物问题
- 突触与动作电位
- 离子通道<ref>editor., Kandel, Eric R. Mack, Sarah, art. Principles of neural science. [2019-03-21]. ISBN 9780071390118. OCLC 918899790. (原始内容存档于2021-03-23).</ref>
- 钠离子通道打开会[[:{{#if:刺激性后突触势能|刺激性后突触势能|Excitatory postsynaptic potential}}|{{#if:刺激性后突触势能|刺激性后突触势能|Excitatory postsynaptic potential}}]](EPSP);钾离子通道或[[:{{#if:氯离子通道|氯离子通道|Chloride channel}}|{{#if:氯离子通道|氯离子通道|Chloride channel}}]]打开会[[:{{#if:压抑性后突触势能|压抑性后突触势能|Inhibitory postsynaptic potential}}|{{#if:压抑性后突触势能|压抑性后突触势能|Inhibitory postsynaptic potential}}]](IPSP)
- 代谢型受体比起 ionotropic receptor较慢但影响较广<ref>Greengard, P. The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2001-11-02, 294 (5544): 1024–1030 [2019-03-21]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11691979. doi:10.1126/science.294.5544.1024. (原始内容存档于2019-03-22).</ref>
- 血脑屏障,药物因此屏障较难直接送入脑中。脑内以下这些地方没有此屏障:
- [[:{{#if:脑极后区|脑极后区|area postrema}}|{{#if:脑极后区|脑极后区|area postrema}}]](area postrema),酒精可渗入此区来触发呕吐
- [[:{{#if:正中隆突|正中隆突|median eminence of the hypothalamus}}|{{#if:正中隆突|正中隆突|median eminence of the hypothalamus}}]](median eminence of the hypothalamus),用来改变身体荷尔蒙
- 胎盘,婴儿透过胎盘吸收母体酒精,导致婴儿畸型<ref>CDC. Disease of the Week - Alcohol and Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-09-06 [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (en-us). </ref>。
- 耐药性
- [[:{{#if:服从医生指示|服从医生指示|compliance}}|{{#if:服从医生指示|服从医生指示|compliance}}]]
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- 成瘾与滥药
- 心理治疗方案<ref>保安局禁毒處 - 戒毒治療和康復服務戒毒治療和康復服務. www.nd.gov.hk. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-18).</ref>
- [[:{{#if:动机增益治疗法|动机增益治疗法|Motivational enhancement therapy}}|{{#if:动机增益治疗法|动机增益治疗法|Motivational enhancement therapy}}]] (MET),阶段性管理戒毒过程
- [[:{{#if:后果管理|后果管理|Contingency management}}|{{#if:后果管理|后果管理|Contingency management}}]] (CM),例如奖励病患提供无药尿液样本
- 认知行为疗法 (CBT),让病患认知问题及学习管理预防[[:{{#if:复发|复发|Relapse}}|{{#if:复发|复发|Relapse}}]]
- 药物治疗
药物代谢动力学<ref name=":0">1947-, Meyer, Jerrold S.,; A.,, Rice, Susan; R.,, Yates, Jennifer. 2,3. Psychopharmacology : drugs, the brain, and behavior Second edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 087893510X. OCLC 819641635. </ref>[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- 生物利用度 :(bioavailability)真正身体最终吸收了所用的药
- 给药途径:决定药物进入血管的速度及完整度
- 电离 (ionisation):非游离形式的药物因不带电荷而易渗入细胞膜<ref>{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Wesley McCammon, Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane, 2009-07-19 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2020-02-24) }}</ref>,受住血管或消化系统等体内pH值,及药物自己的酸度系数(pKa值)影响<ref>Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. Longer and safer gastric residence. Nature Materials. 2015-10, 14 (10): 963–964. ISSN 1476-1122. doi:10.1038/nmat4432.</ref>
- 血浆蛋白结合 (binding):药物困住在血浆、肌肉或脂肪中而变动不活跃,令到药物在目标位置浓度降低而效用减少。或者多种药物同时服用时,药物甲导致药物乙浓度太高而药物过量。
- 生物转化作用
- 药物代谢
- 阶段一/阶段二:只是一个名称,不一定代表代谢次序<ref>Carbon Oxidation. learn.genetics.utah.edu. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21).</ref>。
- 常见肝酶:细胞色素P450,在光滑内质网( sER)<ref>{{
- 药物代谢
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Nucleus Medical Media, Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media, 2015-03-18 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2019-06-02) }}</ref>
- 速率方程:例如酒精是zero-order kinetics,即不论饮用多少酒,身体每个小时只能处理最多15毫升的酒精<ref>What Is A Standard Drink? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). www.niaaa.nih.gov. [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-26).</ref>。对应first-order kinetics,药物浓度越高则消化速度越快。
- 排泄作用,透过不同方法将药物离开身体,如制造母乳、呼吸、出汗、排尿等。
药物效应动力学<ref name=":0" />[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- [[:{{#if:药物命名法|药物命名法|Drug nomenclature}}|{{#if:药物命名法|药物命名法|Drug nomenclature}}]]
- 受体与配体(就像锁与匙<ref>Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers. www.sinauer.com. [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-20).</ref>)每种神经递质可以有多个受体(如多巴胺有超过5种受体<ref>Purple Haze of Parkinson’s: How Dopamine Works. Journey with Parkinson's. 2015-08-05 [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-29) (English).</ref>)
亲和性 (Affinity) | 效能(Efficacy) | |
---|---|---|
活化剂(agonist) | 高 | 高 |
阻断剂(antagonist) | 中至高 | 低 |
- 构象改变,当受体和配体结合就会令蛋白发生结构上改变,从而影响效能
- [[:{{#if:调升与调降|调升与调降|Downregulation and upregulation}}|{{#if:调升与调降|调升与调降|Downregulation and upregulation}}]]:指因为配体的数量影响(太多或太少),受体的数量或敏感程度改变<ref>2. General Mechanisms of the Endocrine Regulation • Functions of Cells and Human Body. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (en-US). </ref><ref>About Huntington's Disease and Serotonin. HOPES Huntington's Disease Information. 2011-06-30 [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-14) (en-US). </ref>
- [[:{{#if:剂量反应曲线|剂量反应曲线|Dose response curve}}|{{#if:剂量反应曲线|剂量反应曲线|Dose response curve}}]]<ref>{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Pharmapedia, Agonist Dose Response Curves, 2015-06-11 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2021-05-21)
}}</ref>:
指不同剂量下的反应。低剂量亦可代表只有少量配体占用了<ref>basic_principles_of_pharm [TUSOM | Pharmwiki]. tmedweb.tulane.edu. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (English).</ref>。
- <math>ED_{50}</math>指一半测试人口都都可以有特定有用药物反应
- <math>TD_{50}</math>指一半测试人口都都可以有特定有害药物反应
- 治疗指数 是 <math>TD_{50} / ED_{50}</math>,越大数量该药物越安全<ref>ToxTutor - Determining the Safety of a Drug. toxtutor.nlm.nih.gov. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21).</ref>
- 效价强度<ref>{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Pharmapedia, Efficacy vs Potency, 2015-06-15 [2019-03-19], (原始内容存档于2022-02-25) }}</ref>:指达到一定效果所需的剂量。如阿士匹灵的效价强度(potency)虽然较吗啡、可待因等药的效能(Efficacy)低,但只需要增加剂量也可达到相同<math>ED_{50}</math>的止痛作用。
化学讯号[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
神经递质<ref>W,, Kalat, James. Biological psychology 12 e. Australia. : 49–57. ISBN 9781305105409. OCLC 898154491.</ref>[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
精神作用药物通常用神经递质来影响[[:{{#if:神经传导|神经传导|Neurotransmission}}|{{#if:神经传导|神经传导|Neurotransmission}}]]。神经递质主要一种化学物质来让神经元互相沟通,而精神作用药物则影响这个沟通过程。这些药物可以
- 作为神经递质的前体(precursor)(作为制造神经递质的原材料)
- 压抑神经递质的生成
- 避免突触小泡(presynaptic vesicle)储存神经递质
- 刺激或抑制神经递质释出
- 刺激或抑制后突触(post-synaptic)的受体运作(Receptor)
- 刺激再摄取泵(autoreceptor),减少神经递质释出
- 阻碍再摄取泵(autoreceptor),增加神经递质释出
- 压抑[[:{{#if:神经传导|神经传导|Neurotransmission}}|{{#if:神经传导|神经传导|Neurotransmission}}]] breakdown
- 阻碍前突触(presynaptic)被[[:{{#if:再吸收|再吸收|reuptake}}|{{#if:再吸收|再吸收|reuptake}}]](reuptake)
激素[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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常见心理药物[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
相关期刊[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology {{#if:||(}}页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||)}}, American Psychological Association
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Journal of Psychopharmacology, British Association for Psychopharmacology, SAGE Publications
- Psychopharmacology, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Nature Publishing Group
参考来源[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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