神经语言规划
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神经语言规划(英语:Neuro-Linguistic Programming,简称NLP),或译神经语言程式学、身心语言程式学等,是一种关于人际沟通、个人发展和心理治疗的方法,包含了来自个人中心治疗、完形治疗法、催眠疗法、认知科学,是一种来自于结构主义(或称建构主义)的概念。<ref name="WALKER1996" />神经语言规划认为神经过程、语言和后天行为模式之间存在联系,可透过改变这些联系来实现生活中的特定目标。<ref name="Tosey & Mathison 2006">Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane. Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming (PDF). Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey. [12 September 2019]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于3 January 2019).</ref><ref>Dilts, Robert; Bandler, Richard. Neuro-linguistic Programming: The study of the structure of subjective experience. Meta Publications. 1980: 2 [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-0-916990-07-7. (原始内容存档于2023-11-24) (English).</ref>
“神经语言规划”(Neuro-Linguistic Programming)一词意在传达脑中(原文“neuro”,意指“关于神经/神经系统的”)的运作,可以在系统性指令(原文“programming”,意指“节目编排”或“程式编写”,意译作“规划”)的基础上,借由语言(原文“linguistic”,意指“语言的/语言学的”)来进行改变。<ref name="WALKER1996">Nach {{
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学界有人认为,神经语言规划的有效性在科学上无法被证实<ref>Thomas Witkowski. A review of research findings on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 2012, 9 (1): 29–40.</ref><ref name="STURT2012">{{
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#if: Polish Psychological Bulletin |{{ #if:Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? {{#if:|: {{{TitelErg}}}}} |, }}Polish Psychological Bulletin{{ #if: |, {{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |. : |. }} |{{ #if: |. }} }}{{ #if: |. {{ #if: | ({{{YearNote}}}) }} }}{{ #if: 41 |, 41{{ #if: 2 | (2) }} |{{ #if: 2 | (2) }} }} |{{ #if: Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? {{#if:|: {{{TitelErg}}}}} |{{ #if: Tomasz WitkowskiPolish Psychological Bulletin |, }} {{#if:{{ #if: |{{ #if: |{{ #if: czasopisma.pan.pl |czasopisma.pan.pl |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} > {{#time: U | 2001-10-10 }}|{{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{PMC}}} }}}} }} }} |{{ #if: czasopisma.pan.pl |czasopisma.pan.pl |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} > {{#time: U | 2001-10-10 }}|{{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{PMC}}} }}}} }} }} |[{{ #if: |{{ #if: |{{ #if: czasopisma.pan.pl |czasopisma.pan.pl |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} > {{#time: U | 2001-10-10 }}|{{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{PMC}}} }}}} }} }} |{{ #if: czasopisma.pan.pl |czasopisma.pan.pl |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} > {{#time: U | 2001-10-10 }}|{{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{PMC}}} }}}} }} }} Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? {{#if:|: {{{TitelErg}}}}}{{ #if:| [] }}] |Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? {{#if:|: {{{TitelErg}}}}}{{ #if:| [] }}
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|神經語言規劃}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}}
|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = }} | talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} }} | {{#switch:
{{#if: | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:| | main | {{#ifeq:|talk | talk | }} }} }}
| main = {{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)|
|{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error
|神經語言規劃}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}}
|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = }} | talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} | }}
}} }}
}}
|SUBST=
}}{{#if:
{{#ifeq: | true | dontcat }}{{#ifeq: | no | dontcat }}{{#switch: ¬ | yes | ¬ = | #default = dontcat }}{{#switch: no | no = {{#switch: {{#if: | {{#if:{{#titleparts:|0|3}} | subsubpage | {{#if:{{#titleparts:|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:神經語言規劃|0|3}} | subsubpage | {{#if:{{#titleparts:神經語言規劃|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} }}
| basepage =
| subpage = dontcat
| subsubpage = dontcat
}}
| only = {{#switch: {{#if: | {{#if:{{#titleparts:|0|3}} | subsubpage | {{#if:{{#titleparts:|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:神經語言規劃|0|3}} | subsubpage | {{#if:{{#titleparts:神經語言規劃|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} }}
| basepage = dontcat
| subpage = | subsubpage = }}
}}
| |
{{#switch: {{#ifeq: | false | | {{#ifeq: | yes | | {{#ifeq: | yes | | {{#if:x
|
{{#if:{{#titleparts:{{#if:| | 神經語言規劃 }}|0|2}} | | }}
}}
}} }} }} | hide = | #default = {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | {{#if:带有失效链接的条目 |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}带有失效链接的条目]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}带有失效链接的条目| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }} | {{#switch: {{#if: | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:| | main | {{#ifeq:|talk | talk | }} }} }}
| main = {{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)|
|{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error
|神經語言規劃}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}}
|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = }} | talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }}
| {{#iferror: {{#expr: 1 + {{#switch: {{#if: | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:| | main | {{#ifeq:|talk | talk | }} }} }}
| main = {{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)|
|{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error
|神經語言規劃}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}}
|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = {{#if:带有失效链接的条目
|[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}带有失效链接的条目]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}带有失效链接的条目| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }}}}
| talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|神经语言规划||{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} }} | {{#switch:
{{#if: | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:| | main | {{#ifeq:|talk | talk | }} }} }}
| main = {{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)|
|{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error
|神經語言規劃}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{字词转换器深度越限(10){#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}}
|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:27_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
}}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (27=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default = {{#if:带有失效链接的条目
|[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}带有失效链接的条目]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}带有失效链接的条目| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} }}]]{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}} |{{#ifexist:Category:自{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}| | }} }} }}}}
| talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|神经语言规划||{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}|2020年1月|{{#time:Y年n月|2020年1月}}}}||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} | }}
}} }}
}}{{#if:
|[{{#if: |{{{pre-text}}} }}{{#if: |{{{post-text}}} }}]|[{{#if: |-{zh:失效連結;zh-tw:失效連結;zh-cn:失效链接|{{#if:yes|永久失效链接|失效链接}}}}]
}}{{#if:yes|}}</ref><ref name="WISEMAN2012">{{
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}}</ref>,科学文献回顾表明,神经语言规划根据的是对大脑内部运作的过时隐喻,这些隐喻与当前的神经学理论不一致,神经语言规划还包含了许多事实错误。<ref name="Von Bergen 1997">von Bergen, C. W.; Gary, Barlow Soper; Rosenthal, T.; Wilkinson, Lamar V. Selected alternative training techniques in HRD. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 1997, 8 (4): 281–294. doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920080403.</ref><ref name="Druckman 2004">Druckman, Daniel. Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1 November 2004, 34 (11): 2234–2260. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x.</ref>即使有支持其成效的研究,其数量及质素亦不佳<ref>Kotera, Yasuhiro; Sheffield, David; Van Gordon, William. The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 2019-03, 30 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21334.</ref><ref>#invoke:Citation/CS1</ref>。有三倍多的高品质研究未能重现创始人班德勒、葛瑞德和其他NLP实践者所提出的主张。<ref name="Sharpley 1987">#invoke:Citation/CS1</ref><ref name="WITKOWSKI2010" />
起源与历史[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
NLP发源地位于圣塔克鲁兹加利福尼亚大学。NLP有三位创始人,其中一位叫做理察·班德勒的在求学时主修电脑学系,但他却醉心研究人类行为,遍读心理学丛书,常常向传统心理学派提出种种挑战,尔后他拿下心理学硕士与哲学硕士学位。另外一位则是任教于加州大学的语言学家,曾有协助美国中央情报局(CIA)经验的约翰·葛瑞德(John Grinder)。以及另一位在西方消失20年,却是在初始发展阶段非常重要的发展者,法兰克·普西林克(Frank Pucelik)。三位皆不满传统心理学派的治疗过程,因其时间太长且效果不能持久。在一次的因缘际会下,他们一起研究并模仿当时四位在人类沟通以及心理治疗方面有卓越成就的大师在治疗过程运用的语言模式、心理策略等。加上独创的理念而整理出NLP的理论架构,经过多年反复的临床实验,认为NLP在运用于人类行为改变方面具有非常显著的效果。
他们模仿的三位大师分别是催眠治疗大师及艾瑞克森催眠治疗学派创始人米尔顿·艾瑞克森(Milton Hyland Erickson)、家庭治疗大师维珍尼亚·撒提亚(Virginia Satir)以及完形治疗创始人弗烈兹·皮尔斯(Fritz Pearls)。
后续发展[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- 欧美地区
- 美国:理查‧班德勒依循著NLP的基础,又开发了人类设计工程学Design Human Engineering(DHE)<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>,约翰‧葛瑞德则是研发了New Code NLP技术<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>。在理察及约翰众多的弟子中有几位现今都是NLP界中的顶级大师,包括NLP大学(NLP University)的罗伯特·迪尔茨博士(Robert Dilts)及朱迪思·迪罗泽尔(Judith Delozier),自我关系心理学(Self-Relations Psychotherapy)创始人史蒂芬·吉利根博士(Stephen Gilligan),时间线治疗(Time Line Therapy®)创始人塔德·詹姆斯博士(Dr. Tad James)<ref name="#1">#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>,核心转化疗法(Core Transformation)发明人康尼瑞儿·安祖(Connirae Andreas)博士与塔玛拉·安祖(Tamara Andreas)<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>,TCM结合的华人丹尼斯·谢(Dennis Hsieh),被喻为“激励者中的激励者”(The motivator of motivators)的安东尼·罗宾斯(Anthony Robbins)<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>等,以及从深化NLP到自我实现的ISNS创办人麦克.可(Michael Hall)<ref name="#2">#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>。他们在各自的研究领域中都发展出深层行为改变的技巧。
- 英国:理察·班德勒的弟子与NLP共同发展人保罗·麦坎那(Paul McKenna),其最著名的就是广泛地在电视上所演示的NLP。
- 亚洲地区
- 中国大陆:李中莹(NLP系统动力派创始人)、凃帅(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、李思稹(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、黄启团(NLP教练)
- 台湾:中华民国神经语言程式学协会理事长陈威伸(美国NLP大学高级训练师及授证联盟导师<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>)、社团法人台湾神经语言程式学学会<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>-创会理事长赖明正博士 Template:Wayback(美国ABNLP高级训练师<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>、美国NLP大学高级训练师及授证联盟导师)、亚洲目标国际培训中心 Template:Wayback 创办人-刘秀美博士 Template:Wayback(美国NLP大学高级训练师及授证联盟导师)、林子杰 Template:Wayback(亚洲目标国际培训中心、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、赫威思培训中心 Template:Wayback 执行长-李珍妮(美国NLP大学高级训练师及授证联盟导师)、刘孟儒 Template:Wayback(赫威思培训中心、NLP训练师)、张佑石博士(台湾NLP学会现任理事长、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、精首全脑教育研究机构 执行长-刘俪晴(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、陈志恒 Template:Wayback(作家、谘商心理师、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、魏士强(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、唐道德(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、许庭韶 Template:Wayback(谘商心理师、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、程瑞南(寻意、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、李乔晴 Template:Wayback(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、柯春兰<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、中华国际催眠研究发展协会理事长廖云钒(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、至一顾问创办人-张宜芬(美国NLP大学高级训练师)、王睿毅(山姆王 Template:Wayback、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、华人NLP暨催眠教育推广中心 Template:Wayback创办人-李玉光(Hogan Lee, 美国ABNLP训练师)、张春云(NLP 训练师)、智烨NLP教练学院创办人-张旭男(美国NLP大学高级训练师及授证联盟导师)、梁凤珍(智烨NLP教练学院)、人本取向NLP-陈世勋(陈大树、谘商心理师、美国ABNLP训练师)、林嘉政(美国ABNLP训练师)、卿松幸福学苑 Template:Wayback-林松蔚(美国ABNLP训练师、美国NLP大学高级训练师)、黄敏卿(卿松幸福学苑 Template:Wayback、美国ABNLP训练师)、魏嬿竹(《NLP新世代》<ref>#invoke:citation/CS1</ref>译者、NLP训练师)、廖莉彣(谘商心理师、NLP训练师)、洪睿彣(谘商心理师、NLP训练师)、张凯翔(张忘形 Template:Wayback,NLP训练师)、慕心国际 Template:Wayback创办人-张祐语(Monica,NLP训练师)、NLP脑力开发研究所所长&哈佛国际潜能开发中心执行长-黄中雍(美国NLP大学认证高阶执行师及发展师)、美国神经语言程式学研究院(NLPITemplate:来源请求) 授权高级训练师及发展师:金易樟与袁希<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、NLPI授权训练师徐承庚、游子晋、刘伟伦、陈世昇、曾昕、彭博、娅飞、陈明弘(Eric)、洪国凯、廖伟玲(NLP训练师,谘商心理师)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>。
- 香港:NLP资深训练师张国维博士(已殁)、NLP学院创办人及NLP高级发证导师杜瑞坤先生(Tommy Doo)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、亚洲专业培训学院(APTI)创办人及国际身心语义学会(ISNS)大中华区主席Ms. Mandy Chai 蔡真颐女士(NS-NLP高级发证导师 - International Society of Neuro-Semantics)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 、美国Society of NLP香港专业培训学会导师朱德俊先生(Lawrence Chu)、美国NLP大学Master Trainer 刘丹心先生<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、华美拉博士<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、NLP导师张慧慈和整合NLP专家何伟光Chris Ho<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 日本:日本NLP协会芝 建太<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、Power-NLP木村佳世子<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>。
- 新加坡:James Leong<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 马来西亚:谭伟强博士<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、戴志强<ref>https://www.facebook.com/clementthai/</ref>、张翠芬<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、江健勇<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120628091356/http://www.guangming.com.my/node/87296</ref>、林万槟<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、锺宗宏<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>。
内容[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
神经语言程式学(NLP)是提升人与人之间的沟通技巧,以及积极正面的思维技术:神经系统、语言模式与大脑策略。
- 多重思维观点,由各个不同层级去观想问题、触及问题、解决问题。
- 改变自我受困的想法,拓展更多选择的可能性。
“基本假设”/“假设前提”[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- NLP神经语言程式学有12个最基本的“假设前提”又作“基本假设”(NLP Presuppositions<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>http://gatehouse13.com/2011/03/02/the-building-blocks-of-nlp-the-presuppositions/ Template:Wayback The Building Blocks of NLP: The Presuppositions</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>http://book.douban.com/review/1170804/#!/i!/ckDefault Template:Wayback NLP基本精神:12条前提假设</ref>):
- 每个人都不一样(没有两个人是一样的)
- 一个人不能控制另一个人(尊重别人的世界观)
- 有效用比有道理更实际(即使说的话理据十分充足,但对方不相信或根本不能实行,还是没有用)
- 只有由感官所构成的世界,并没有绝对的真实世界(瞎子摸象)
- 对方的反应是沟通的目的和结果(沟通的意义决定于对方的回应)
- 重复旧的做法,只会得到旧的结果
- 凡事最少要有三种解决方法(只有一种:没有选择 只有两种:等同抉择 要有三种:才是选择)
- 每一个人都会选择对自己最有利的行为(人人也是在各种限制下作出最佳的决定与行为)
- 每一个人都具有使自己快乐成功的资源、条件
- 任何一个系统里,最灵活的部份是影响大局的最大因素(越灵活的人越有影响力)
- 凡事没有失败,只有回应信息
- 动机和情绪都没有错,只是行为没有效果而已
部份技巧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
NLP的学习者会学到如何观察和分析别人的言行与大脑策略。其中,又分类为四类型人:视觉型(V)、听觉型(A)、触觉型(K)、内在对话型(Ad)的特征表现和沟通方法。再以不同的逻辑和言语模式,例如“米尔顿模式”、“后设模式”、“感官用语”…等。甚至催眠的语态操作技巧、非口语沟通、身体语言等改变自己,进而影响他人、说服他人及辅导他人。
应用[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
有许多不同领域的人士,例如:政治家、演说家、推销员、传道人、教师、社工、辅导员、管理层、人事部等,学习个中技巧并应用于工作中,当中抑不乏用于家庭沟通与恋爱关系。崛起于卡内基训练(Dale Carnegie Training)之后的新兴人际沟通技巧,然而其多元观点的融合(心理学、神经学、语言学以及催眠技巧),很快地便在欧、美、日、港等地掀起热潮,不少国际知名人士皆有学习和运用NLP技巧,例如:富爸爸,穷爸爸作者罗伯特‧清崎、美国前总统柯林顿、网球好手安德烈‧阿格西…等。
时间线治疗[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
时间线治疗(Time Line Therapy®)为NLP大师达特.詹姆斯博士(Dr.Tad James)<ref name="#1"/>以神经语言程式学为基础,利用时光线方式模拟人脑对生活历程之记忆,进而通过轻度催眠的方法达致治疗目的的有效身心治疗法,此方法可以极短的时间对人脑进行重编,主要包括以下六项步骤:
- 寻究时光线存在型态
- 找出问题的根源
- 释放负面情绪
- 消除自我设限的决定
- 改变时光线的方向/位置
- 创造未来
水准与程度[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
NLP神经语言程式学国际认证课程有4种等级证书:1.执行师 Practitioner、2.高阶执行师 Master Practitioner、3.训练师 Trainer、4.高级训练师 Master Trainer。其中 Master一词有高阶或高级两种翻译,Trainer 一词则因为华人世界一开始的翻译就不同,重视英文直译或重视实务操作下的翻译不同,因此除了有从英文直译的训练师或培训师,也有使用导师或训练导师的称谓,在马来西亚、中国大陆及香港地区更常使用NLP导师一词。
此外世界上有许多不同的NLP国际组织培训及核发NLP证书,其中以美国NLP大学<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>(NLPU) 被公认是全世界最容易复制及学习的系统,同时美国NLP大学对于取得其授证联盟导师资格者有相当的要求,对一般大众而言,取得授证联盟导师的高级训练师(高级导师)公信力似乎相对更高些。此外,美国NLP大学对于课程及时数各方面亦有严谨的限制,例如:NLP专业执行师课程的学习(含作业),需满120小时,且需使用经美国NLP大学核备采认后的翻译教材,全部课程需由其认证的高级训练师授课,完成课程并经认证考试后,方能协助学员申请美国NLP大学核发的国际证书。其他亦有不直接授课培训的纯认证机构,例如美国的ABNLP<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>,就是国际NLP的纯认证机构。此外亦有国际身心语义学会(ISNS, International Society of Neuro Sematics)<ref name="#2"/>,美国NLP研究院(NLPI)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>、国际NLP培训师协会(INLPTA)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>......等。
或许各种证书也不代表证书持有人的实际知识水准和技能水准,这也因为部分机构考核制度不够严谨, 并未按照原先规范要求,即使相同名称的课程。此外,跟不同NLP训练师(导师)所学获得的成果往往差异也会很大,除了关心的证照外,初探者在询问如何学习时也可以观察授课者的状态及生活。NLP是模仿卓越的学问,跟谁学习,人生态度不知不觉间就会像教学者一般。
由于创始人班德勒和葛瑞德之间的官司纠纷<ref>Template:Cite court</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>,目前“NLP”及“神经语言程式学”虽因无法注册商标权,并不隶属于任何个人或组织所拥有<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>;然而由各机构后期开发的技术并非公共财,例如美国NLP大学证照课程及教材具有合法著作权及版权,各国训练师必需购买其版权使用权方得合法使用;此外目前并没有世界统一的官方机构负责国际认证<ref name="tsdr.uspto.gov">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>。获得NLP高级执行师或高级训练师的称号由各国培训机构及认证协会根据规范采认 <ref name="Roderique-Davies 2009">Template:Cite journal </ref>。
支持者与反对者的观点[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
外界的质疑[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
NLP倍受正统心理学质疑。Grant Devilly(2005)指出:<ref> Template:Lang </ref> Template:Cquote
- NLP可能受到新纪元运动及Template:Tsl等信念影响<ref name="skepdic">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Beyerstein, B.L 1990 27–36 27">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Hunt 2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Aupers & Houtman 2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hammer & Rothstein 2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>。
- NLP被认为基于社会建构主义<ref name="Craft 2001">Template:Cite journal</ref>。
- 《Template:Tsl》(2000年)中收录了对NLP的批评文章。
- 有人认为,NLP实际上是一种心理控制术。<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 值得注意的是,NLP的前提假设和墨菲定理是相冲的。墨菲定律的假设是:只要有大于零的可能,就是有可能发生。
对质疑的反驳[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- NLP常被大量使用在“心灵成长”等议题,这是与NLP本身信念有所违背的,引用NLP创始人理察‧班德勒一段话:“我在这里教大家的,不过就是如何管理人生,……,这不是什么理念,不是意识形态,也不是宗教信仰,……。”(Template:Cite book)
- NLP创始人约翰·葛林德认为NLP与信仰或灵性成长没有关系。<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
近代的印证[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- 2013年芬兰图尔库大学(The University of Turku)的一项研究。研究人员给700名志愿者观看电影、或念故事给他们听,以挑动他们某一些特殊的情绪。之后。男女受测者会获得一张人体轮廓图,并且被要求用颜色把“有感觉”和“没感觉”的身体部份标示出来,这份结果所研究的内容与NLP中的次感元技术(Sub-modality)所使用的神经系统相同,实验结果发表于2013年12月份的《美国国家科学院院期刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)。<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- NLP所使用的EMDR快速眼动疗法已经被证实能有效治疗创伤后压力综合症。<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 首先运用于治疗罹患PTSD(创伤后心理压力紧张症候群)的越战退伍军人。(Template:Cite book)
- 2009年BBC NEWS一篇采访患有PTSD退伍军人的报导中,患者本身提及接受专业NLP学者的帮助而改善症状。<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- NLP已经获得英国心理治疗与辅导学会及其它机构的认可。<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:FT2/List_of_users_of_Neuro-linguistic_programming</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
相关书目[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- Template:Cite book
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参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- Template:Tsl
- Template:Tsl
- Template:Tsl
- Template:Tsl
- Template:Tsl
- Template:Tsl
- 葛瑞利·贝特森
- 维珍尼亚·撒提亚
- 米尔顿·艾瑞克森
- Template:Tsl(TFT)
- Template:Tsl(EFTs)
- Template:Tsl
- 认知语言学
脚注[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- 含有非数字formatnum参数的页面
- 有模板循环的页面
- 引用模板后大小超过限制的页面
- 有脚本错误的页面
- 含有受损文件链接的页面
- 模板参数错误的页面
- 自2018年9月需要清理的疑似广告条目
- 模板中使用无效日期参数的条目
- 拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目
- 使用小型讯息框的页面
- 自2018年9月引用不当的条目
- 自2018年9月可能带有原创研究的条目
- 维基百科需要风格编辑的条目
- 自相矛盾的条目
- 扩充中的条目
- 待更新条目
- 需要清理的条目
- 维基百科需要风格编辑的条目
- 缺少注脚的条目
- 中立性有争议的作品
- 可能带有原创研究的条目
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- 部分地区的观点
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- CS1English来源 (en)
- 含有错误OL的页面
- Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters
- 语言标示模板参数错误的页面
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- 条目有永久失效的外部链接
- 美国医学教育
- 心理学
- 人际关系
- 人类沟通
- 人力资源管理
- 伪科学