社會化

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  • [[:{{#if:社會學時間軸|社會學時間軸|Timeline of sociology}}|{{#if:社會學時間軸|社會學時間軸|Timeline of sociology}}]]（英語：Timeline of sociology）

社會化或社教化（英語：Socialization）是廣泛應用於社會學、社會心理學、人類學、政治學與教育學範疇的名詞，意指人類學習、繼承各種社會規範、傳統、意識形態等周遭的社會文化元素，並逐漸適應於其中的過程。對個人來說，社會化是學習同時扮演社會上不同的角色的過程。個人的社會化常受到地區文化的影響，且因個人的成長背景，社會化的過程、內容也會隨之改變。

在社會學中，該概念是指社會規範和意識形態內化的過程。社會化包括學習和教學，因此是「實現社會和文化連續性的手段」。<ref name="Clausen">Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialisation and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company</ref><ref>Macionis, John J. Sociology 15th. Boston: Pearson. 2013: 126. ISBN 978-0133753271. </ref>

社會化與發展心理學密切相關。<ref>Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. {{#if:978-0-435-49915-0|[[{{#ifeq:{{safesubst:#switch: 

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}}|ISBN]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}參數錯誤：ISBN缺失。}}</ref> 人類需要透過社會經驗學習其所在社群之文化以及謀求生存。<ref name="Macionis, John J. 2011">Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. Print.</ref>

社會化本質上代表了整個生命過程中的整個學習過程，對成人和兒童的行為、信念和行動產生了核心影響。<ref>MLA Style: "socialization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010.</ref><ref name="Cromdal2006">Cromdal, Jakob. Socialization. K. Brown (編). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. North-Holland: Elsevier. 2006: 462–66. ISBN 978-0080448541. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9. </ref>

社會化可能會導致（在主觀認定上）理想的結果—有時被稱為「道德」—就其發生所在的文化社群而言。個人觀點受社會共識影響，通常傾向於社會認為可以接受或「正常」的觀點。社會化僅對人類的信仰和行為提供了部分解釋，認為能動者（英語：agents，社會學術語）不是由環境預先確定的白板<ref>Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.</ref>；科學研究提供證據表明，人們是由社會影響和基因共同塑造的。<ref>Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". Natural History, October 2002.</ref><ref name="Carlson">Carlson, N.R.; et al. (2005) Psychology: the science of behavior. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). {{#if:0-205-45769-X|[[{{#ifeq:{{safesubst:#switch: 

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遺傳研究表明，一個人的環境與其基因型相互作用，進而影響其行為產出。<ref>Kendler, K.S. and Baker, J.H. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2007, 37 (5): 615–26. PMID 17176502. S2CID 43598144. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524. </ref>

促進社會化的社會組織包括學校、民間團體、家庭、青少年中心、教堂等社交場合；協助社交化的媒體包括雜誌、電影、電視等，因為它們傳播着一些大眾的文化價值。

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考書目[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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<references group=""></references>
  • Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.
  • Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
  • Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail's Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.
  • Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman.
  • Bogard, Kimber. "Citizenship attitudes and allegiances in diverse youth." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic minority Psychology14(4)(2008): 286-296.
  • Mehan, Hugh. "Sociological Foundations Supporting the Study of Cultural Diversity." 1991. National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning.
  • Robert Feldman, Ph.D. Child Development Third Edition, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

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  • [[:{{#if:內化 (社會學)|內化 (社會學)|Internalisation (sociology)}}|內化]]（英語：Internalisation (sociology)）
  • [[:{{#if:社會證明|社會證明|Social proof}}|{{#if:社會證明|社會證明|Social proof}}]]（英語：Social proof）
  • [[:{{#if:服從 (人類行為)|服從 (人類行為)|Obedience (human behavior)}}|服從]]（英語：Obedience (human behavior)）
著名實驗和設計
反從眾行為

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    }}
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取自 "https://positive.wiki/index.php?title=社會化&oldid=42"