生殖期

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精神分析學中的生殖期是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德所使用的表述，用於描述人類的性心理發展的最後階段。 <ref>Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology (PFL 10) pp. 78–9</ref>該階段個人會對家庭以外的人產生強烈的性興趣。

弗洛伊德及後世學者[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

1915年，西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）將生殖期的概念添加到《性學三論》（1905年）中。包括5個發展階段，分別是口腔期，肛門期，性器期，潛伏期和生殖期。生殖期大約從青春期初開始，到死亡為止。根據弗洛伊德的說法，這一階段會出現俄狄浦斯情結出現。生殖期與性器期類似，其主要的關注點都是生殖區，不同的是，在本階段這種關注能夠被意識到。

當性驅力和攻擊力恢復後，就會進入生殖期。性快感的來源擴展到了父母之外。 <ref>Colman, Andrew M. Genital stage. A Dictionary of Psychology. 2008 [2021-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-22）.  = Colman, Andrew M. https://books.google.com/?id=zvlrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311&dq=%22genital+stage%22 |chapterurl=缺少標題 (幫助). A Dictionary of Psychology 4th. Oxford University Press. 2015 [2001]. ISBN 978-0-19105784-7. </ref>如果在性器期，孩子被同性父母潛意識吸引，那麼在這一階段可能會發生同性戀關係。 <ref>Pastorino, Ellen E.; Doyle-Portillo, Susann M. https://books.google.com/?id=1iKgwo2q_54C&pg=PA466&dq=%22Genital+Stage%22 |chapterurl=缺少標題 (幫助). What is Psychology? Essentials 2nd. Boston: Cengage Learning. 2012 [2010]. ISBN 978-1-11183415-9. </ref>然而，從下面對性器期的解釋來看，與其初步理解不一致。戀母情結是性器期的關鍵組成部分之一，可以解釋為需要父母親作為性慾的主要回應主體。必須明確的是，母親可以更多地回應以滿足其釋放和表現性慾，因此是母親作為嬰兒表現性慾的對象，而不是父親。受測者不太可能對父親產生任何潛意識的性吸引，因為父親的存在是讓受測者無法擁有母親的根源：受測者仍專注於接受母親的關注。此外，在性器期中的所有性吸引完全是無意識的。

在生殖期，自我和超我已有很大發展。這可以使個人有更現實的思維方式，並建立除家庭之外的各種社會關係。 <ref>Louw, D. A. Human Development. Pearson South Africa. 1998. ISBN 9780798647083. </ref>生殖期是最後的階段，被認為是成熟度最高的階段。 <ref>Sullivan, C. T. C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). 1963: 33–47. </ref>在這個階段，成年人有兩種成熟的跡象，可致力於工作和相愛。 <ref>King, Laura. The Science of Psychology 2nd. McGraw-Hill. : 388. ISBN 978-0-077-53616-9. </ref>

該階段從青春期開始<ref>Freud's Psychosexual Development in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online. Allpsych.com. [2014-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-01）. </ref>，但到成年後都未必能完成。 <ref>P. T. Brown, 'Sexual Development' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) pp. 706–7.</ref>奧托·費尼切爾（Otto Fenichel）認為，生殖器至上是克服矛盾和對完整客體的愛的前提。 <ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) pp. 84 and 496.</ref>

1960年，羅伯特·懷特（Robert W. White）將弗洛伊德的生殖期理論從本能需求擴展到將本能效應包含在內。他對該階段的擴充包括：個人將開始決定其在社會中扮演的角色，以及開始為了社會和性滿足的約會。 <ref>Fromm, Donald. Systems of Psychotherapy. 2010. ISBN 9781441973085. </ref>

預後[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

弗洛伊德認為個體達到生殖期的程度與神經症易感性呈負相關。 <ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 265</ref>相反，固着在早期的性心理水平上會阻礙正常性關係的發展。 <ref>Psychosexual Development. Victorianweb.org. [2014-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-06）. </ref>

需要注意的一點，儘管口腔期，肛門期和生殖期都是不同的階段，但它們可以同時發生，也可能不定期發生。 <ref>Sullivan, C. T. C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). 1963: 33–47. Sullivan, C. T. (1963). "The Developmental Stages of the Ego". C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). pp. 33–47.</ref>弗洛伊德認為，如果過度滿足或滿足受挫，個人可能會停滯在某一個階段。如果成人未能完成某個階段，則可能在日後的生活中發生固着。 <ref>King, Laura. The Science of Psychology 2nd. McGraw-Hill. : 388. ISBN 978-0-077-53616-9. King, Laura. The Science of Psychology (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 388. ISBN BookSources / 978-0-077-53616-9|978-0-077-53616-9.</ref>

批判[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

雖然正常的生殖人格在理論上被認為是理想的體系<ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 496</ref>，但在實踐中，生殖期理論可能會陷入對物品和使人成癮的目標的迷戀，而不是可體驗的現實。 <ref>Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (1973) p. 257</ref>

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考文獻[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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相關閱讀[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

  • Karl Abraham, 'Character Formation on the Genital Level of Libidinal Development', in Selected Papers (1927)
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外部連結[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

取自 "https://positive.wiki/index.php?title=生殖期&oldid=325"