理論理論

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理論理論 (英語:Theory-theory)是與人類對外部世界的理解發展有關的科學理論。 <ref name="Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe, M. Folk Psychology is not folk psychology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 2006, 5 (1): 31–52. doi:10.1007/s11097-005-9010-y. </ref> 該理論斷言,個人擁有一種基本的或「天真的」心理學理論(「 民間心理學 」)來推斷他人的心理狀態, 如他們的信仰,欲望或情感。 此信息用於了解該人的行為背後的意圖或預測未來的行為。 術語「透視」有時用於描述一個人如何使用關於另一人的處境的理論知識來推斷另一個人的內在狀態。 <ref>Leiberg, S; Anders, S. The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence. Prog Brain Res. Progress in Brain Research 156. 2006: 419–40. ISBN 9780444521828. PMID 17015094. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56023-6. </ref>

這種方法由於給探索人類社會認識提供了一個基礎,因而受到心理學家的歡迎。從20世紀80年代中期開始,幾位有影響的發展心理學家開始倡導理論理論:認為人類的學習是通過一個理論修正的過程,與科學家提出和修正理論的方式非常相似。兒童觀察世界,並在此過程中收集有關世界真實結構的數據。隨着更多數據的積累,兒童可以相應地修正他們天真的理論。兒童還可以利用這些關於世界因果結構的理論來進行預測,甚至可能對其進行檢驗。這個概念被稱為 "兒童科學家 "理論,提出要發展關於外部世界(包括社會世界)的理論,需要一系列的個人科學革命。

近年來,貝葉斯學習的支持者們開始用精確的、數學的方式來描述理論理論{{#if: |}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}理論理論]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|

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兒童發展[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

通過他們的成長和發展,孩子們會不斷地形成直覺的理論;當他們遇到新的結果和觀察時,修改和改變它們。一些發展主義者對其理論的發展進行了研究,繪製出兒童何時開始形成關於某些主題的理論,例如生物和物理世界、社會行為以及他人的思想和思想(「心靈理論」 ),儘管對於這些理論形成的轉變何時發生仍存在爭議。

在他們的調查過程中,孩子們經常提出問題,經常提出「為什麼?」 對成年人來說,不是尋求技術和科學的解釋,而是尋求調查所討論的概念與他們自己的關係,作為他們以自我為中心的觀點的一部分。在一項為期兩週的研究中,墨西哥裔美國母親接受了關於學齡前兒童提出的問題類型的採訪,研究人員發現,孩子們向父母詢問的更多是生物學和社會行為,而不是無生命的物體和人工製品。在他們的問題中,孩子們大多模稜兩可,不清楚他們是否想要解釋目的或原因。雖然父母通常會用因果解釋來回答,但有些孩子發現答案和解釋不足以讓他們理解,結果他們開始創造自己的理論,尤其是在孩子對宗教的理解上。

該理論也參與了維果茨基的社會學習理論,也稱為建模。維果茨基聲稱,人類作為社會生物,通過觀察他人的行為並模仿他們來學習和發展。在這個社會學習的過程中,在模仿之前,孩子們會首先發布詢問並調查為什麼成年人會以特定的方式行事。之後,如果大人成功了,孩子很可能會模仿大人,但如果大人失敗了,孩子會選擇不效仿

與其他理論的比較[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

心智理論 (ToM)[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Theory-theory與關注人的心理狀態的心智理論(ToM) 密切相關,但與 ToM 的不同之處在於,theory-theory的全部範圍還涉及機械設備或其他物體,而不僅僅是思考人及其觀點. [需要引用]

仿真理論[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

在讀心術的科學辯論中,理論理論經常與模擬理論形成對比,模擬理論是另一種理論,它表明模擬或認知移情是我們理解他人不可或缺的一部分。

參考資料[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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