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本能或称先天行为,是指一个生物体趋向于某一特定行为的内在倾向。本能的最简单例子就是钥匙刺激(FAP),指的是对于一种可清晰界定的刺激,生物体会回应以一系列固定的动作,时间长度由很短到中等。

File:Instinct dog shake.jpg
狗将皮毛中的水甩干是一种本能行为。
File:BabyLoggerheadTlalcoyunque3.jpg
棱皮龟的幼体正在向大海爬去

如果一个行为并非基于以前的经验(也就是说不是通过学习而来的),它就可以被称为本能,是内在生物因素的表现。例如,海滩上刚孵化出的海龟会自发地爬向大海。刚出生的有袋类会爬向母亲的育儿袋。蜜蜂无需正式的协商就可以通过舞蹈来交流食物源的位置。其他的本能行为还包括动物的打斗、求偶,逃跑以及筑巢。

本能是与生俱来的复杂行为模式,在一个物种的绝大多数成员中都存在。它不应与反射相混淆,后者指的是一个器官对于特定刺激的简单反应,例如瞳孔在强光下收缩,或者膝跳反射。意志能力的缺失不应被认为意味着无法改变行为模式。例如,人可以有意识地改变行为模式,只要意识到这个行为的存在并且简单地停止行为,而其他不具备足够强意志能力的动物不会自主性停止本能行为。<ref>Lorenz, Konrad. Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1977. ISBN 0-15-111699-7. </ref>

对于不同的物种,本能在行为中所扮演的角色各不相同。一种动物的神经系统越复杂,它的大脑皮质和社会学习所起的作用就越大,而本能的作用则越小。鳄鱼与大象之间的比较可以说明,哺乳动物是如何深度依赖社会学习。动物园中长大的母狮子和母猩猩如果在幼年时就离开了母亲,常常会出现拒绝抚养其后代的情况,因为它们并未习得养育后代。而这在较简单的爬行动物身上并未出现。

例如:婴儿啼哭,雏鸟张嘴索食等

参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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