有害的男子气概

有害的男子气概（英语：toxic masculinity，或译为有毒的男子气概<ref>Josh Cook; 郑蓉翻译. 有毒的男子气概是二战的后遗症吗？. 新浪网-界面新闻. 2019-07-18 [2020-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-18）. </ref>、有毒害的男子气概<ref name="刘裘蒂">刘裘蒂. 从“娘炮”到“有毒害的男子气概”. FT中文网. [2020-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-25）. </ref>）是指当今社会中对于男性社交、心理不利的一些传统观念。“有害的男子气概”有霸主意识、贬低女性、过分自主、抑制感情几大特征。

“有害的男子气概”的害处可分为两方面：对于厌女、恐同、暴力展现出的从众行为对于社会中的他人不利，而过度自主、抑制感情则容易造成男性本身出现抑郁、压力、物质滥用等心理问题。并非所有的男子气概都有害，诸如投身工作、擅长体育、作为家庭支柱这类的传统在适当的范围内都不见得有害。

“有害的男子气概”是军队和美国监狱潜规则的一大特征。[[:{{#if:神话诗式男性运动|神话诗式男性运动|mythopoetic men's movement}}|{{#if:神话诗式男性运动|神话诗式男性运动|mythopoetic men's movement}}]]（英语：mythopoetic men's movement）另将“有害的男子气概”这个词与其理论中在现代社会中消失的“真男子气概”相对立。

概览[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

File:I Won't Cry Daddy.jpg

许多男生在小时候就会被教导抑制自己的情绪以符合对男性的刻板印象：图中的父亲在儿子母亲过世之后，告诉他“不哭，做个勇敢的男孩子”。<ref name="Worell835">Worell, Judith. Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Sifferences and the Impact of Society on Gender. San Diego, California: Academic Press. 2001: 835. ISBN 0122272455.</ref>

社会科学之所以要用到“有害的男子气概”这个词，是为了指出在传统的男子气概（男性的行为准则）观念中，有一些方面对男性、女性和整个社会不利。{{#if:Hess |

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}}[[:{{#if:莱特学院|莱特学院|The Wright Institute}}|{{#if:莱特学院|莱特学院|The Wright Institute}}]]（英语：The Wright Institute）心理系教授特里·库珀斯认为，“有害的男子气概”指的是“一系列拖累社会的男性特征”，这些特征鼓励“支配、贬低女性、恐同行为和无端暴力”。{{#if:Kupers 2005 |

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}}提出“有害的男子气概”这一概念不是为了妖魔化男性及其特征，而是为了指出男性受从众心理支配，做出的某些“传统男性”行为造成的伤害。{{#if:Hess |

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库珀斯称，“有害的男子气概”这个词是为了指出霸权男性气概的有害部分——厌女、恐同、贪婪、暴力称霸。库珀斯认为，霸权男子气概的其余部分——“为体育胜利而骄傲、与朋友团结一致、在工作中取得成功、赚钱养家”——不属于“有害”的男子气概。{{#if:Kupers 2005 |

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按心理学家[[:{{#if:罗纳德·F·黎凡特|罗纳德·F·黎凡特|Ronald F. Levant}}|罗纳德·F·黎凡特]]（英语：Ronald F. Levant）的说法，男性理想化的性别角色，如坚强、支配、自主和控制情绪，其社会化可追溯到婴儿时期。这些规范由父母、其他男性亲属和社区成员进行灌输。许多媒体对男子气概的表现亦常为“社群首领”般的性别角色之刻板印象。{{#if:Weir |

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来自同龄人的霸凌与家中的家庭暴力亦为“有害的男子气概”之表现形式，其形成的等级制度对一些男性有利，但对另一些男性则造成了伤害。{{#if:Keith |

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在美国监狱，监狱的男性工作者和囚犯的行为都可以反映出“有害的男子气概”。过度自主、透过暴力手段支配其它男性与避免女性化和弱势的形象，都成为了囚犯们之间必要的[[:{{#if:应对技巧|应对技巧|coping skills}}|应对技巧]]（英语：coping skills）和潜规则。{{#if:Kupers 2004 |

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}}而通常被定义为残酷的惩罚、压抑的情感、社会的孤立和侵略的监狱条件，有可能会导致男性囚犯的自杀。{{#if:Kupers 2004 |

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健康影响[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

坚持传统男性文化规范，例如冒险、暴力、霸权、对工作的主导地位、对同性恋的不屑、需要控制情感、争强好胜和追求社会地位等的男性，常常会更易遭受抑郁、[[:{{#if:压力 (心理学)|压力 (心理学)|stress (psychology)}}|压力]]（英语：stress (psychology)）、身体意象问题、物质滥用和弱社会功能等心理问题。{{#if:Wong et al. |

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}}这些影响在一些追求自力更生、寻求超越女性的权力与性交易或“花花公子”行为等有害的男子气概的人更为明显。{{#if:Kaplan |

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自主的社会价值随着现代社会的相互依赖性越来越高而逐渐消失。{{#if:Weir |

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}}而不论是自主还是还是压抑情感表达，都会对心理健康造成负面影响，因为这会导致男性寻求心理帮助或拥有处理复杂感情的能力之可能性更低。{{#if:Weir |

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}}初步研究表明，面对文化压力而选择隐忍和自力更生的男性，由于与医生谈论健康问题的可能性更低，他们的预期寿命亦可能缩短。{{#if:Horowitz |

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有害的男子气概亦与社会因素造成的公共卫生问题相关，有该气概的男性患皮肤癌的几率更高，{{#if:Nicholas |

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}}{{#if:查证请求

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}}而他们“[[:{{#if:奖品狩猎|奖品狩猎|Trophy hunting}}|奖品狩猎]]（英语：-{Trophy hunting）”般的性行为增大了人类免疫缺陷病毒和其它性传染病的传播风险。<ref>Muparamoto, Nelson. ‘Trophy-hunting scripts’ among male university students in Zimbabwe (PDF). African Journal of AIDS Research. December 2012, 11 (4): 319–326 [2017-07-16]. ISSN 1608-5906. PMID 25860190. doi:10.2989/16085906.2012.754831. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-05-17）. </ref>{{#if: |}}^{[需要非第一手来源]}{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}缺少可靠来源的条目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:2017年11月|旧}}有害的男子气概]]|}}

男性运动[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

一些与[[:{{#if:神话诗式男性运动|神话诗式男性运动|mythopoetic men's movement}}|神话诗式的男人运动]]（英语：mythopoetic men's movement）相关的作家曾使用“有害的男子气概”这个词将社会对男性残暴、好斗、独立与冷酷的期望与“真正的”或“深刻的”男子气概进行比较，得出真正的男人在现代社会中已不存在的结论。{{#if:Ferber |

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}}{{#if:Longwood |

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}}谢泼德·布利斯（{{#switch:en

|zh|gan|zh-yue = Shepherd Bliss
|jp|jap = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：日文請使用ja
|gr = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Shepherd Bliss}}{{#switch:en
|ar|arc|arz|az|ckb|dv|fa|glk|ha|he|ks|ku|mzn|pnb|ps|ug|ur|yi = ‎
|#default = }}{{#if:
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   }}
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| basepage =

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| basepage = dontcat

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 {{#switch:
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   }}
 | hide = 
 | #default  = 
   {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 |  [[Category:含有{{#switch:en
 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
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 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
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 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
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 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
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 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
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   }}
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}}）则提出以农本思想替代武士道德中产生的“有害的男子气概”。{{#if:Hartman |

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| <ref name="Hartman" group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
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心理医生[[:{{#if:弗兰克·皮特曼|弗兰克·皮特曼|Frank Pittman}}|弗兰克·皮特曼]]（英语：-{Frank Pittman）曾写过关于传统男子气概规范对男性有哪些危害，其中就包括缩短预期寿命、受暴死亡的几率更高和易患肺癌和肝硬化等疾病。1993年，他曾表示，这些“有害的男子气概”的发生源于一些被女性抚养长大而缺乏男性角色模范的男性。但女权主义作家[[:{{#if:约翰·斯托尔滕贝格|约翰·斯托尔滕贝格|John Stoltenberg}}|约翰·斯托尔滕贝格]]（英语：John Stoltenberg）则从反男性主义的角度来研究这一问题。{{#if:Dowd |

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| <ref name="Dowd" group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
| <ref name="Dowd"></ref>
}}

|

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| <ref group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
| <ref></ref>
}}

}}

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

人类的性
[[:{{#if:男性特权|男性特权|Male privilege}}|男性特权]]（英语：Male privilege）
父权
[[:{{#if:囚犯自杀|囚犯自杀|Prisoner suicide}}|囚犯自杀]]（英语：Prisoner suicide）
公主病
性别歧视主义
大男子主义
男性气概的当代观点

参考来源[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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<references group=""><ref name="Dowd">Dowd, Nancy E. -{字词转换器深度越限（10）R|Redefining Fatherhood. New York University Press. 2000: 286 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 0-8147-1925-2. （原始内容存档于2020-01-06）. </ref>

<ref name="Ellis">Ellis, Marie. 'Tough guys' less likely to be honest with doctor. Medical News Today. 2016-03-24 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-14）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Ferber">Ferber, Abby L. Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors: The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse. Murphy, Peter F. (编). Feminism and Masculinities. Oxford University Press. 2004: 228–243. ISBN 978-0-19-926724-8 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Friedman">Friedman, Howard S. (编). Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Oxford, UK; Waltham, Massachusetts: Academic Press. 2015: 71. ISBN 978-0-12-397753-3 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Hartman">Hartman, Rebecca. Agrarianism. Carroll, Bret (编). American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. 2003: 20–22 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-45-226571-1. （原始内容存档于2020-10-29）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Hess">Hess, Peter. Sexism may be bad for men's mental health. Popular Science. 2016-11-21 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-07）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Horowitz">Horowitz, Kate. Psychologists Say Macho Behavior May Help Explain Men’s Shorter Lifespans. Mental Floss. 2016-03-28 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-22）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kaplan">Kaplan, Sarah. Sexist men have psychological problems. The Washington Post. 2016-11-22 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-09）. </ref>

<ref name="Keith">Keith, Thomas. Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity. Routledge. : 2 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-31-759534-2. （原始内容存档于2020-01-06）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2004">Kupers, Terry A. Prisons. Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (编). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 630–633. ISBN 978-1-57-607774-0 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2005">Kupers, Terry A. Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology. June 2005, 61 (6): 713–724 [2017-07-16]. doi:10.1002/jclp.20105. （原始内容存档于2020-08-31）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2007">Kupers, Terry A. Working with men in prison. Flood, Michael; et al (编). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. Routledge. 2007: 648–649 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-13-431707-3. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2010">Kupers, Terry A. Role of Misogyny and Homophobia in Prison Sexual Abuse (PDF). UCLA Women's Law Journal. 2010, 18 (1): 107–30 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-16）. </ref>

<ref name="Longwood">Longwood, W. Merle; Schipper, William C.; Culbertson, Philip; Kellom, Gar. Forging the Male Spirit: The Spiritual Lives of American College Men. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2012: 65–6. ISBN 978-1-55-635305-5 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Nicholas">Nicholas, Donald R. Men, Masculinity, and Cancer: Risk-factor Behaviors, Early Detection, and Psychosocial Adaptation. Journal of American College Health. July 2000, 49 (1): 27–33 [2017-07-16]. ISSN 0744-8481. PMID 10967881. doi:10.1080/07448480009596279. （原始内容存档于2018-10-29）. </ref>

<ref name="Panko">Panko, Ben. Sexism Sucks for Everybody, Science Confirms. Smithsonian. 2016-11-22 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-02）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Weir">Weir, Kirsten. The men America left behind. Monitor on Psychology (American Psychological Association). February 2017, 48 (2): 34 [2017-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-12）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Wong et al.">Wong, Y. Joel; et al. Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes (PDF). Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2017, 64 (1): 80–93 [2017-07-16]. doi:10.1037/cou0000176. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-09）.</ref></references>

有害的男子气概

目录

概览[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

健康影响[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

男性运动[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考来源[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

导航菜单

有害的男子气概

概览[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

健康影响[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

男性运动[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考来源[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

导航菜单

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