有害的男子氣概

有害的男子氣概（英語：toxic masculinity，或譯為有毒的男子氣概<ref>Josh Cook; 鄭蓉翻譯. 有毒的男子气概是二战的后遗症吗？. 新浪網-界面新聞. 2019-07-18 [2020-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-18）. </ref>、有毒害的男子氣概<ref name="劉裘蒂">劉裘蒂. 从“娘炮”到“有毒害的男子气概”. FT中文網. [2020-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-25）. </ref>）是指當今社會中對於男性社交、心理不利的一些傳統觀念。「有害的男子氣概」有霸主意識、貶低女性、過分自主、抑制感情幾大特徵。

「有害的男子氣概」的害處可分為兩方面：對於厭女、恐同、暴力展現出的從眾行為對於社會中的他人不利，而過度自主、抑制感情則容易造成男性本身出現抑鬱、壓力、物質濫用等心理問題。並非所有的男子氣概都有害，諸如投身工作、擅長體育、作為家庭支柱這類的傳統在適當的範圍內都不見得有害。

「有害的男子氣概」是軍隊和美國監獄潛規則的一大特徵。[[:{{#if:神話詩式男性運動|神話詩式男性運動|mythopoetic men's movement}}|{{#if:神話詩式男性運動|神話詩式男性運動|mythopoetic men's movement}}]]（英語：mythopoetic men's movement）另將「有害的男子氣概」這個詞與其理論中在現代社會中消失的「真男子氣概」相對立。

概覽[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

File:I Won't Cry Daddy.jpg

許多男生在小時候就會被教導抑制自己的情緒以符合對男性的刻板印象：圖中的父親在兒子母親過世之後，告訴他「不哭，做個勇敢的男孩子」。<ref name="Worell835">Worell, Judith. Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Sifferences and the Impact of Society on Gender. San Diego, California: Academic Press. 2001: 835. ISBN 0122272455.</ref>

社會科學之所以要用到「有害的男子氣概」這個詞，是為了指出在傳統的男子氣概（男性的行為準則）觀念中，有一些方面對男性、女性和整個社會不利。{{#if:Hess |

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}}[[:{{#if:萊特學院|萊特學院|The Wright Institute}}|{{#if:萊特學院|萊特學院|The Wright Institute}}]]（英語：The Wright Institute）心理系教授特里·庫珀斯認為，「有害的男子氣概」指的是「一系列拖累社會的男性特徵」，這些特徵鼓勵「支配、貶低女性、恐同行為和無端暴力」。{{#if:Kupers 2005 |

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}}提出「有害的男子氣概」這一概念不是為了妖魔化男性及其特徵，而是為了指出男性受從眾心理支配，做出的某些「傳統男性」行為造成的傷害。{{#if:Hess |

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庫珀斯稱，「有害的男子氣概」這個詞是為了指出霸權男性氣概的有害部分——厭女、恐同、貪婪、暴力稱霸。庫珀斯認為，霸權男子氣概的其餘部分——「為體育勝利而驕傲、與朋友團結一致、在工作中取得成功、賺錢養家」——不屬於「有害」的男子氣概。{{#if:Kupers 2005 |

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按心理學家[[:{{#if:羅納德·F·黎凡特|羅納德·F·黎凡特|Ronald F. Levant}}|羅納德·F·黎凡特]]（英語：Ronald F. Levant）的說法，男性理想化的性別角色，如堅強、支配、自主和控制情緒，其社會化可追溯到嬰兒時期。這些規範由父母、其他男性親屬和社區成員進行灌輸。許多媒體對男子氣概的表現亦常為「社群首領」般的性別角色之刻板印象。{{#if:Weir |

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來自同齡人的霸凌與家中的家庭暴力亦為「有害的男子氣概」之表現形式，其形成的等級制度對一些男性有利，但對另一些男性則造成了傷害。{{#if:Keith |

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在美國監獄，監獄的男性工作者和囚犯的行為都可以反映出「有害的男子氣概」。過度自主、透過暴力手段支配其它男性與避免女性化和弱勢的形象，都成為了囚犯們之間必要的[[:{{#if:應對技巧|應對技巧|coping skills}}|應對技巧]]（英語：coping skills）和潛規則。{{#if:Kupers 2004 |

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}}而通常被定義為殘酷的懲罰、壓抑的情感、社會的孤立和侵略的監獄條件，有可能會導致男性囚犯的自殺。{{#if:Kupers 2004 |

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健康影響[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

堅持傳統男性文化規範，例如冒險、暴力、霸權、對工作的主導地位、對同性戀的不屑、需要控制情感、爭強好勝和追求社會地位等的男性，常常會更易遭受抑鬱、[[:{{#if:壓力 (心理學)|壓力 (心理學)|stress (psychology)}}|壓力]]（英語：stress (psychology)）、身體意象問題、物質濫用和弱社會功能等心理問題。{{#if:Wong et al. |

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自主的社會價值隨着現代社會的相互依賴性越來越高而逐漸消失。{{#if:Weir |

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}}而不論是自主還是還是壓抑情感表達，都會對心理健康造成負面影響，因為這會導致男性尋求心理幫助或擁有處理複雜感情的能力之可能性更低。{{#if:Weir |

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有害的男子氣概亦與社會因素造成的公共衛生問題相關，有該氣概的男性患皮膚癌的機率更高，{{#if:Nicholas |

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}}{{#if:查證請求

|^{[{{#if:
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}}而他們「[[:{{#if:獎品狩獵|獎品狩獵|Trophy hunting}}|獎品狩獵]]（英語：-{Trophy hunting）」般的性行為增大了人類免疫缺陷病毒和其它性傳染病的傳播風險。<ref>Muparamoto, Nelson. 『Trophy-hunting scripts』 among male university students in Zimbabwe (PDF). African Journal of AIDS Research. December 2012, 11 (4): 319–326 [2017-07-16]. ISSN 1608-5906. PMID 25860190. doi:10.2989/16085906.2012.754831. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-17）. </ref>{{#if: |}}^{[需要非第一手來源]}{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}缺少可靠來源的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:2017年11月|舊}}有害的男子氣概]]|}}

男性運動[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

一些與[[:{{#if:神話詩式男性運動|神話詩式男性運動|mythopoetic men's movement}}|神話詩式的男人運動]]（英語：mythopoetic men's movement）相關的作家曾使用「有害的男子氣概」這個詞將社會對男性殘暴、好鬥、獨立與冷酷的期望與「真正的」或「深刻的」男子氣概進行比較，得出真正的男人在現代社會中已不存在的結論。{{#if:Ferber |

{{#if:
| <ref name="Ferber" group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
| <ref name="Ferber"></ref>
}}

|

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| <ref group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
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}}{{#if:Longwood |

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| <ref name="Longwood"></ref>
}}

|

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| <ref group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
| <ref></ref>
}}

}}謝潑德·布利斯（{{#switch:en

|zh|gan|zh-yue = Shepherd Bliss
|jp|jap = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：日文請使用ja
|gr = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：希臘文請使用el或gre
|kp = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：朝鮮文請使用ko或kor
|po = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：波蘭文請使用pl或pol
|sp = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：西班牙文請使用es或spa
|cz = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：捷克文請使用cs或cze
|kz = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：哈薩克文請使用kk或kaz
|dk = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：丹麥文請使用da
|unicode|ipa = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：請檢查更正引用語言代碼
|zh-classical = Shepherd Bliss模板參數錯誤：文言文請使用zh-lzh或lzh
|#default = Shepherd Bliss}}{{#switch:en
|ar|arc|arz|az|ckb|dv|fa|glk|ha|he|ks|ku|mzn|pnb|ps|ug|ur|yi = ‎
|#default = }}{{#if:
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   }}
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| basepage =

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}}

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| basepage = dontcat

| subpage = | subsubpage = }}

}}

| |

 {{#switch:
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       }}
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   }}
 | hide = 
 | #default  = 
   {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 |  [[Category:含有{{#switch:en
 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
 |es       = Template:ISO 639 name es
 |de       = 德語
 |fr       = 法語
 |ja|jp|jap= 日語
 |bg       = Template:ISO 639 name bg
 |cs       = Template:ISO 639 name cs
 |da       = Template:ISO 639 name da
 |nl       = Template:ISO 639 name nl
 |et       = Template:ISO 639 name et
 |fi       = Template:ISO 639 name fi
 |el|gre   = 希臘語
 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
 |#default = {{#ifexist:Category:含有英語的條目
   |英語
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   }}
 }}的條目]] 
   | 
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 |ar       = 阿拉伯語
 |en|eng   = 英語
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 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
 |zh|zh-hans|zh-hant|zh-cn|zh-tw|zh-hk|zh-sg|zh-mo|zh-my|zh-hani = 明確引用中文
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 |hu       = Template:ISO 639 name hu
 |ga       = Template:ISO 639 name ga
 |grc      = 古希臘語
 |kr       = Template:ISO 639 name kr
 |la|lat   = 拉丁語
 |cy       = Template:ISO 639 name cy
 |sl|slv   = Template:ISO 639 name sl
 |zh-yue|yue = Template:ISO 639 name zh-yue
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   }}
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}}）則提出以農本思想替代武士道德中產生的「有害的男子氣概」。{{#if:Hartman |

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心理醫生[[:{{#if:弗蘭克·皮特曼|弗蘭克·皮特曼|Frank Pittman}}|弗蘭克·皮特曼]]（英語：-{Frank Pittman）曾寫過關於傳統男子氣概規範對男性有哪些危害，其中就包括縮短預期壽命、受暴死亡的機率更高和易患肺癌和肝硬化等疾病。1993年，他曾表示，這些「有害的男子氣概」的發生源於一些被女性撫養長大而缺乏男性角色模範的男性。但女權主義作家[[:{{#if:約翰·斯托爾滕貝格|約翰·斯托爾滕貝格|John Stoltenberg}}|約翰·斯托爾滕貝格]]（英語：John Stoltenberg）則從反男性主義的角度來研究這一問題。{{#if:Dowd |

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| <ref name="Dowd" group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
| <ref name="Dowd"></ref>
}}

|

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| <ref group="{{{group}}}"></ref>
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}}

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

人類的性
[[:{{#if:男性特權|男性特權|Male privilege}}|男性特權]]（英語：Male privilege）
父權
[[:{{#if:囚犯自殺|囚犯自殺|Prisoner suicide}}|囚犯自殺]]（英語：Prisoner suicide）
公主病
性別歧視主義
大男子主義
男性氣概的當代觀點

參考來源[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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<references group=""><ref name="Dowd">Dowd, Nancy E. -{字詞轉換器深度越限（10）R|Redefining Fatherhood. New York University Press. 2000: 286 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 0-8147-1925-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-06）. </ref>

<ref name="Ellis">Ellis, Marie. 'Tough guys' less likely to be honest with doctor. Medical News Today. 2016-03-24 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-14）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Ferber">Ferber, Abby L. Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors: The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse. Murphy, Peter F. (編). Feminism and Masculinities. Oxford University Press. 2004: 228–243. ISBN 978-0-19-926724-8 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Friedman">Friedman, Howard S. (編). Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Oxford, UK; Waltham, Massachusetts: Academic Press. 2015: 71. ISBN 978-0-12-397753-3 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Hartman">Hartman, Rebecca. Agrarianism. Carroll, Bret (編). American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. 2003: 20–22 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-45-226571-1. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-29）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Hess">Hess, Peter. Sexism may be bad for men's mental health. Popular Science. 2016-11-21 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-07）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Horowitz">Horowitz, Kate. Psychologists Say Macho Behavior May Help Explain Men’s Shorter Lifespans. Mental Floss. 2016-03-28 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-22）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kaplan">Kaplan, Sarah. Sexist men have psychological problems. The Washington Post. 2016-11-22 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-09）. </ref>

<ref name="Keith">Keith, Thomas. Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity. Routledge. : 2 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-31-759534-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-06）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2004">Kupers, Terry A. Prisons. Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (編). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 630–633. ISBN 978-1-57-607774-0 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2005">Kupers, Terry A. Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology. June 2005, 61 (6): 713–724 [2017-07-16]. doi:10.1002/jclp.20105. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-31）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2007">Kupers, Terry A. Working with men in prison. Flood, Michael; et al (編). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. Routledge. 2007: 648–649 [2017-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-13-431707-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Kupers 2010">Kupers, Terry A. Role of Misogyny and Homophobia in Prison Sexual Abuse (PDF). UCLA Women's Law Journal. 2010, 18 (1): 107–30 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-16）. </ref>

<ref name="Longwood">Longwood, W. Merle; Schipper, William C.; Culbertson, Philip; Kellom, Gar. Forging the Male Spirit: The Spiritual Lives of American College Men. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2012: 65–6. ISBN 978-1-55-635305-5 （English）. </ref>

<ref name="Nicholas">Nicholas, Donald R. Men, Masculinity, and Cancer: Risk-factor Behaviors, Early Detection, and Psychosocial Adaptation. Journal of American College Health. July 2000, 49 (1): 27–33 [2017-07-16]. ISSN 0744-8481. PMID 10967881. doi:10.1080/07448480009596279. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-29）. </ref>

<ref name="Panko">Panko, Ben. Sexism Sucks for Everybody, Science Confirms. Smithsonian. 2016-11-22 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-02）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Weir">Weir, Kirsten. The men America left behind. Monitor on Psychology (American Psychological Association). February 2017, 48 (2): 34 [2017-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-12）（English）. </ref>

<ref name="Wong et al.">Wong, Y. Joel; et al. Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes (PDF). Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2017, 64 (1): 80–93 [2017-07-16]. doi:10.1037/cou0000176. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-07-09）.</ref></references>

有害的男子氣概

目次

概覽[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

健康影響[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

男性運動[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考來源[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

導覽菜單

有害的男子氣概

概覽[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

健康影響[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

男性運動[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

參考來源[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

導覽菜單

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