效果律

File:Puzzle box.jpg

桑代克用的实验箱。当小猫成功打得开闸门后，其行为每次都会减少。

效果律（英语：law of effect），1905年美国心理学家爱德华·桑代克以(尚未发展完全的)行为制约背后的一个概念为基底所提出的理论。而那个行为制约背后的概念，是“在一个特定的情境下，可以得到满意的效果的反应在该情境下重复出现的几率会上升，而会得到不满意的效果的反应，重复出现的几率则会下降”。

File:Lawofeffect.gif

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{{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (24=0)| |{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }} }}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error |效果律}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:24_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | 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MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default ={{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}}} | talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|效果律||{{#if:||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} }} | {{#switch: {{#if: | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:| | main | {{#ifeq:|talk | talk | }} }} }} | main = {{#switch:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (24=0)| |{{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }} }}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|Template:Error |效果律}}}}{{safesubst:#switch: no |no |n |false |f |否 |0 = | = |¬ = |yes |y |true |t |是 |1 = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:24_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }} }}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (24=0)}} |#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:24_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }} }}|Str mid]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}: indexes i= and j= do not match requested substring length {{ safesubst:#if:1|{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}}}}}|}}}}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}|1}}=0) or (24=0)}} }}| MOS = | LTA = | NT = | NC = | #default ={{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if: |自 }}]]{{#if: |{{#ifexist:Category:自| | }} }} }}}} | talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|效果律||{{#if:||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} | }} }} }} }}{{#if:页码请求 || }} |{{subst:Unsubst|Page needed| date|{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} }} }} | }}。

<ref>Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York : Macmillan. Retrieved June 18, 2009 [1]</ref>。

这个概念跟进化论的概念很像，如果一个特定的特质成为一个能让个体存活下来的优势，那个特质将会在这个物种之间持续存在。在效果律中有特别定义过的“满意的”与“不满意的”字词，后来被“ 增强”跟“惩罚”两字词替代。因为“增强”跟“惩罚”在操作制约中愈来愈常被使用。

历史

效果律在很早的时候就被[2] {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于-{zh-cn:互联网档案馆;zh-tw:互联网档案馆;zh-hk:互联网档案馆;zh-sg:互联网档案馆;{{#if:||）}}Conwy Lloyd Morgan用来讨论爱德华·桑代克的联结主义所说的“如果一个连结之后有个‘让人满意的状态’，那个连结会被加强，如果之后是‘让人困扰的状态’，连结会被削弱”。

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