战斗或逃跑反应
战斗或逃跑反应(英語:Fight-or-flight response 或 fight-or-flight-or-freeze、fight-flight response、hyperarousal、acute stress response 等),或稱战或逃反应等,是一種生理反應,是對感知到的有害事件、攻擊或生存威脅做出的反應。<ref name="Cannon - Fight or Flight Response">Cannon, Walter. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. 1932. ISBN 978-0393002058.</ref> 沃爾特·布拉德福德·坎農 (Walter Bradford Cannon) 是最初以學術方法闡述這個現象的學者(之一)。{{#if:
|<ref name="" group="{{#switch: | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = | #default = lower-alpha }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref> |<ref group="{{#switch: | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = | #default = lower-alpha }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref>
}}<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915: 211.</ref> 他的理論指出,動物對威脅的反應是交感神經系統全面放電,為戰鬥或逃跑做好準備。<ref name="Jansen - Intro fight or flight physiology">Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M. Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response. Science Magazine. 27 October 1995, 5236 (270): 644–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..644J. PMID 7570024. S2CID 38807605. doi:10.1126/science.270.5236.644.</ref> 更具體地說,腎上腺髓質(英語:Adrenal medulla)產生激素級聯反應(英語:hormonal cascade),導致兒茶酚胺分泌,尤其是去甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素。<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915.</ref> 激素雌激素、睾酮和皮質醇,以及神經遞質多巴胺和血清素,也會影響生物體對壓力的反應。<ref>Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained. Huffington Post. April 19, 2014 [16 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-06).</ref> 激素骨鈣素也可能起作用。<ref>Kwon, Diana. Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones. Scientific American. [2020-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-21) (English).</ref><ref>Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response. phys.org. [2020-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-21) (English).</ref>
這種反應被認為是調節脊椎動物和其他生物體之間壓力反應的一般適應綜合徵(英語:General adaptation syndrome)的第一階段。<ref name="Pathology - Theory Medical Student's Library">Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z. PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library. Radom. 2009: 270–275.</ref>
概述[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
这种应激反应的中心位于丘脑下部,包括了许多种情绪反应。丘脑下部有时被视作应激中心,因为其在紧急事件中具备双重功能:对于自主神经系统(ANS)的控制,以及对垂体腺的控制<ref>《心理学与生活》(Psychology and life),Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo,ISBN 9787115111302,人民邮电出版社,2003-10,P363</ref>。
两性在“战斗或逃跑反应”中表现有差异:较之女性,男性更倾向于“战斗”反应;较之男性,女性更倾向于“逃跑”反应,或寻求他人帮助,或化解当前危险——“[[结盟与友好{{safesubst:#if:||{{{lt}}}}}]]{{safesubst:#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||{{#if:{{#ifexist:结盟与友好||1}}
|<{{#switch:|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}} class="noprint" style="{{#switch:|sup|super|sub=|font-size:85%;}} font-style: normal; {{#if:|font-weight: normal;}}">{{#switch:|sup|super=[|(}}{{#if: | [[d:{{{WD}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|{{#if:|维基数据|其他語言}}]]{{#if:|; Reasonator}} | {{#if:en|[[:en:{{#if:Tend_and_befriend|Tend_and_befriend|结盟与友好}}|English]]}};{{#if:|[[:{{{4}}}:{{#if:|{{{5}}}|结盟与友好}}|{{{4}}}]]}};{{#if:|[[:{{{6}}}:{{#if:|{{{7}}}|结盟与友好}}|{{{6}}}]]}};{{#if:|[[:{{{8}}}:{{#if:|{{{9}}}|结盟与友好}}|{{{8}}}]]}};{{#if:|[[:{{{10}}}:{{#if:|{{{11}}}|结盟与友好}}|{{{10}}}]]}};{{#if:|Reasonator搜尋}}}}{{#switch:|sup|super=]|)}}</{{#switch:|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}}> | {{#ifeq:战斗或逃跑反应|Interlanguage link multi||}} }}}}”。尤其是身为母亲的女性,面临紧张情况时,会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。<ref> Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."</ref>
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参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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維基教科書中的相關電子教程:[[b:{{#if:|{{{3}}}:}}超普通心理学/壓力與健康#一般適應症候群理論(general_adaptation_syndrome,GAS)|超普通心理学/壓力與健康#一般適應症候群理論(general_adaptation_syndrome,GAS)]] |