战斗或逃跑反应

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File:Dog and cat showing fight or flight responses.jpg
一对表现出该现象。

战斗或逃跑反应(英语:Fight-or-flight response 或 fight-or-flight-or-freeze、fight-flight response、hyperarousal、acute stress response 等),或称战或逃反应等,是一种生理反应,是对感知到的有害事件、攻击生存威胁做出的反应。<ref name="Cannon - Fight or Flight Response">Cannon, Walter. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. 1932. ISBN 978-0393002058. </ref> 沃尔特·布拉德福德·坎农 (Walter Bradford Cannon) 是最初以学术方法阐述这个现象的学者(之一)。{{#if:

|<ref name="" group="{{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
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  }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref>
|<ref group="{{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
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  }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref>

}}<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915: 211. </ref> 他的理论指出,动物对威胁的反应是交感神经系统全面放电,为战斗或逃跑做好准备。<ref name="Jansen - Intro fight or flight physiology">Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M. Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response. Science Magazine. 27 October 1995, 5236 (270): 644–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..644J. PMID 7570024. S2CID 38807605. doi:10.1126/science.270.5236.644. </ref> 更具体地说,肾上腺髓质(英语:Adrenal medulla)产生激素级联反应(英语:hormonal cascade),导致儿茶酚胺分泌,尤其是去甲肾上腺素肾上腺素。<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915. </ref> 激素雌激素睾酮皮质醇,以及神经递质多巴胺血清素,也会影响生物体对压力的反应。<ref>Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained. Huffington Post. April 19, 2014 [16 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-06). </ref> 激素骨钙素也可能起作用。<ref>Kwon, Diana. Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones. Scientific American. [2020-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-21) (English). </ref><ref>Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response. phys.org. [2020-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-21) (English). </ref>

这种反应被认为是调节脊椎动物和其他生物体之间压力反应的一般适应综合征(英语:General adaptation syndrome)的第一阶段。<ref name="Pathology - Theory Medical Student's Library">Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z. PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library. Radom. 2009: 270–275. </ref>

概述[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

这种应激反应的中心位于丘脑下部,包括了许多种情绪反应。丘脑下部有时被视作应激中心,因为其在紧急事件中具备双重功能:对于自主神经系统(ANS)的控制,以及对垂体腺的控制<ref>《心理学与生活》(Psychology and life),Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo,ISBN 9787115111302,人民邮电出版社,2003-10,P363</ref>。

两性在“战斗或逃跑反应”中表现有差异:较之女性,男性更倾向于“战斗”反应;较之男性,女性更倾向于“逃跑”反应,或寻求他人帮助,或化解当前危险——“[[结盟与友好{{safesubst:#if:||{{{lt}}}}}]]{{safesubst:#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||{{#if:{{#ifexist:结盟与友好||1}}

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}}}}”。尤其是身为母亲的女性,面临紧张情况时,会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。<ref> Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."</ref>

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参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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