圖帕
圖帕（{{#ifeq:|no||{{#if:སྤྲུལ་པ་|{{#ifeq:|1|藏語|藏語}}}}：}}སྤྲུལ་པ་{{#if:sprulpa|，}}{{#if:sprulpa|威利轉寫：sprulpa}}{{#if:{{SAFESUBST:#if:sprulpa|{{SAFESUBST:#if:|1}}}}|，}}{{#if:|THL：{{{t}}}|}}{{#if:{{SAFESUBST:#if:sprulpa|{{SAFESUBST:#if:|1}}}}|，}}{{#if:|藏語拼音：{{{p}}}|}}{{#if:{{SAFESUBST:#if:sprulpa|{{SAFESUBST:#if:|1}}}}|，}}{{#if:|藏文拉薩音拼音：Template:Bo/kivzharvjoov|}}{{safesubst:#switch:
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| main = | other | #default = }}，英語：Tulpa，又譯塔爾帕、朱巴、幻人或幻靈），在古代是神秘主義、神智學及超常現象中的一個概念，用以指代一種通過精神力量創造的物體或存在，源自藏傳佛教。<ref name="Campbell">Campbell, Eileen; Brennan, J.H; Holt-Underwood, Fran. Thoughtform. Body, Mind & Spirit: A Dictionary of New Age Ideas, People, Places, and Terms Revised. Boston: C.E. Tuttle Company. 1994. ISBN 080483010X.</ref> 現代實踐者借用並更新了這個術語，來指代一種被他們認為是在人腦中通過心理學技術和有意識的創造行為產生的另一個與主意識相對獨立的有知覺和意志的思維體或想象存在。<ref name=":9">Thompson, Nathan. The Internet's Newest Subculture Is All About Creating Imaginary Friends. Vice. [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21） （English）.</ref><ref name="Veissière4" /><ref>formstulpagenic, tulpamancyOther; tulpa; tosystems, tulpamancerApplies; headmatesCoinerAlex; David-Néel, ra. Tulpamancy. Pluralpedia. [2022-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-21） （English）.</ref>擁有一個或多個圖帕的人被通俗地稱為Host（即宿主），對他們更正式的稱呼是Tulpamancer{{#if:||}}{{#if: |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}" name="{{{name}}}">意為圖帕的創造者，不過該術語有時也指願意且正在創造、但尚未擁有圖帕的人</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}">意為圖帕的創造者，不過該術語有時也指願意且正在創造、但尚未擁有圖帕的人</ref> }}{{#if:||}}<ref>Personality Characteristics of Tulpamancers and Their Tulpas. Bethel University. [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21）.</ref>。圖帕的思想、情感和個性與他們的宿主往往是不同的。圖帕可以通過一系列的冥想技巧以及適當而系統的訓練、培養和暗示來刻意創造<ref name=":1">Isler, Jacob J. Tulpas and Mental Health: A Study of Non-Traumagenic Plural Experiences. Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2017-09-28, 5 (2): 36–44 [2021-11-18]. ISSN 2333-4371. doi:10.12691/rpbs-5-2-1. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-12） （English）.</ref>，也可以在某人有一個假想朋友的時候偶然創造出來。圖帕一詞最早由20世紀西方通神論者提出，該詞在藏語中本意為「散發」或「顯現」。<ref name="Mikles">Mikles, Natasha L.; Laycock, Joseph P. Tracking the Tulpa: Exploring the "Tibetan" Origins of a Contemporary Paranormal Idea. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 2015-08-06, 19 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1525/nr.2015.19.1.87.</ref>{{#if: 但有人認為，差異巨大的現代Tulpamancy和中國藏教文化的這兩個概念實在不同，以致於使用Tulpa來代指並不恰當、有文化攻擊之嫌。|但有人認為，差異巨大的現代Tulpamancy和中國藏教文化的這兩個概念實在不同，以致於使用Tulpa來代指並不恰當、有文化攻擊之嫌。}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}圖帕]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}<ref>AMANITA. [2022-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-17）.</ref>
根據歐美圖帕社區2018年的調查，絕大多數（95.6％）Tulpa對其宿主的生活都產生了積極影響；然而，也有一部分（36.2％）的宿主報告稱自己在和Tulpa的共同生活中出現了一些新問題。這項調查還顯示，宿主的主意識地位被Tulpa取代的可能性是微乎其微的，僅有的2.3％的例外被認為在誤差允許範圍內。<ref name=":6">Tulpa Community Census 2018 Results. sites.google.com. [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21）.</ref>另一項心理學與社會行為研究的論文則得出結論稱，圖帕對Tulpamancers總體而言是積極有益的精神存在。<ref name=":1" />
歷史[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
20世紀[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
神智學及佛教起源[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
20世紀初的神智學者將密宗的應身概念引入為神智學的「圖帕」和「思念體（thoughtform）」概念。<ref name="Mikles" />
1901年{{#if:||}}{{#if: |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}" name="{{{name}}}">一說1905年</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}">一說1905年</ref> }}{{#if:||}}，神智學者安妮·貝贊特於通神學會出版了《思想形態》一書，其中將思念體分為三類：創造者的形態；與人或物相似的形狀，即可被自然靈或亡者附魂的形態；代表星光界和理智界內在品質的形態，如情緒<ref>貝贊特, 安妮; Leadbeater, C. W. Three classes of thought-forms. Thought-Forms. The Theosophical Publishing House. 1901 [2017-04-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-10）.</ref>。在沃爾特·埃文斯-溫茨1927年翻譯的《西藏度亡經》中也使用了「thoughtform」一詞。<ref>Evans-Wentz, W. T. The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Or The After-Death Experiences on the Bardo Plane, according to Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English Rendering. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 29–32, 103, 123, 125. ISBN 0198030517.</ref>這一概念也被運用在西方的魔術實踐中。<ref>Cunningham, David Michael; Ellwood, Taylor; Wagener, Amanda R. Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation 1st. Perrysburg, Ohio: Egregore Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9781932517446.</ref>
神秘學家威廉·沃克·阿特金森則在他1912年出版的《The Human Aura》一書中描述，思念體是由人們的思考和感情產生，通過人體周圍的氣場形成簡單且縹緲的物體<ref>Panchadsi, Swami. Thought Form. The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms. Yoga Publication Society. 1912: 47–54 [2017-04-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-03）.</ref>。他在《Clairvoyance and Occult Powers》一書中進一步闡述了經驗豐富的神秘學實踐者如何從他們的氣場中生成思念體，這些思念體作為星體投射，可能看起來像也可能不像投射者，或者作為幻象，只能被那些「覺醒的星體感官」所察覺。<ref>Panchadsi, Swami. Strange astral phenomena. Clairvoyance and Occult Powers. 1916 [2017-04-26]. （原始內容存檔於2009-06-26）.</ref>
亞歷山德拉·大衛·尼爾[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
法國探險家、心靈主義者亞歷山大莉婭·大衛·妮爾為第一位進入西藏的歐洲女性，聲稱她在20世紀的西藏觀察過這些神秘實踐。<ref name="Campbell" />在大衛·尼爾於1929年出版的《Mystiques et magiciens du Thibet》中，她將圖帕描述為「強力凝念而成的魔法形成物」<ref name="David-Neel">David-Neel, Alexandra; DʼArsonval, A. Magic and Mystery in Tibet. Escondido, California: Book Tree. 2000 [Original French published 1929]. ISBN 1585090972.</ref>{{#if: |{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}，並相信圖帕可以發展自己的意識：「一旦圖帕被賦予足夠的活力，能夠扮演真實存在的角色，並傾向於擺脫創造者的控制。」根據大衛·尼爾的說法，這幾乎是自主的過程，就像當孩子的身體構造完整後能夠離開母親的子宮獨立生活。<ref name="David-Neel" />{{#if: |{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}她稱自己創造了一個這樣的圖帕，形象是溫和的、胖胖的小和尚，像一個快樂的塔克修士。後來由於他的形象發生蛻化、越來越發展出自己的獨立意識，她不得不將其摧毀。<ref>Marshall, Richard; Davis, Monte; Moolman, Valerie; Zappler, George. -{R|Mysteries of the Unexplained Reprint. Pleasantville, New York: Reader's Digest Association. 1982: 176. ISBN 0895771462.</ref><ref name=":11">Tulpa.io. The History of Tulpamancy. Tulpa.io. 2018-09-24 [2022-04-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-28） （English）.</ref>大衛·尼爾提出，她的經歷可能是幻覺，但她又稱其他人可以看到她創造的思念體<ref name="David-Neel" />{{#if: |{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}。大衛·尼爾的此書出版後，Tulpa這一概念被引入西方世俗。<ref name=":10">T. M. Luhrmbann. -{R|Conjuring Up Our Own Gods. The New York Times. 2013-10-14 [2017-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-12）.</ref>
榮格的積極想象技術[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
瑞士心理學家卡爾·古斯塔夫·榮格（Carl G. Jung）發明的「積極想象」（英語：Active Imagination，亦譯作「主動想象」）技術，是分析心理學流派最主要的治療技術之一，可能與現代Tulpa的創造原理相通。{{#if: 這一技術的完善，受到道教、禪宗的影響。|這一技術的完善，受到道教、禪宗的影響。}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}圖帕]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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榮格在自傳《回憶·夢·思考》的序言中曾說：「與弗洛伊德分道揚鑣後，精神上陷入了困境，甚至懷疑有精神障礙。當時無法改善這種痛苦狀態，於是就乾脆順着心中所想，讓自己服從於無意識衝動之下，當時無意識浮現出第一個意象：自己像一個10歲左右的孩子，在客廳地板上玩積木。這個夢境的意象清晰與真切。」這使榮格悟道：夢中孩子仍然「有生命」。於是，榮格開始了在象徵而真實情景中，與「活在內心深處的孩子」進行直接溝通，他感覺到這是一種和無意識溝通的有效辦法，這便是榮格最初的積極想象。<ref name=":3">武曉艷. 申荷永. 榮格「積極想象」方法初探. 中國臨床心理學雜誌. 2009, 17 (9): 780. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2009.06.016.</ref>
有了第一個意象的這一刻被榮格認為是他「命運的轉折點」。因為隨後他釋放出一系列意象，利用積極想象與意象直接溝通的方法，他獲得了內在導師「斐樂蒙」（從一個希伯來先知形象中發展而來，代表更高級的觀察力）。有了「斐樂蒙」的指引，榮格逐漸看清了無意識世界的內容，也就有了他後來的集體無意識理論、原型理論、原型意象等，也認識了意象背後的自己。<ref name=":3" />
在1935年Tavis tock講演中，榮格更加系統地對積極想象技術做了詳細的公開介紹，<ref name=":3" />{{#if: 還用自己的童年經歷來解釋積極想象是怎樣自然發生的。他回憶，在他的姑媽家裡，有他爺爺的一幅像：作為主教的爺爺，配戴着徽章，走出房門，站在台階上。榮格說，他常常跪在一把椅子上凝視着這幅畫像，直到覺得爺爺走下了台階。|還用自己的童年經歷來解釋積極想象是怎樣自然發生的。他回憶，在他的姑媽家裡，有他爺爺的一幅像：作為主教的爺爺，配戴着徽章，走出房門，站在台階上。榮格說，他常常跪在一把椅子上凝視着這幅畫像，直到覺得爺爺走下了台階。}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}圖帕]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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20世紀後半葉[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
{{#if: 1950年，一部名叫《哈維》的電影提及了類似Tulpa的存在。|1950年，一部名叫《哈維》的電影提及了類似Tulpa的存在。}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}圖帕]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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{{#if: 1987年，日本國內以知曉仙道而聞名的高藤聰一郎的著作《奇蹟的超級遠景》（奇跡のスーパービジョン）出版，其中提及了與Tulpa有關的內容。|1987年，日本國內以知曉仙道而聞名的高藤聰一郎的著作《奇蹟的超級遠景》（奇跡のスーパービジョン）出版，其中提及了與Tulpa有關的內容。}}[來源請求]{{#ifeq:||[[Category:{{#if:|自{{#time:Y年F|{{{time}}}}}}}有未列明來源語句的條目|{{#switch:{{#if:|{{#time:j|{{{time}}}}}}}|1=㏠|2=㏡|3=㏢|4=㏣|5=㏤|6=㏥|7=㏦|8=㏧|9=㏨|10=㏩|11=㏪|12=㏫|13=㏬|14=㏭|15=㏮|16=㏯|17=㏰|18=㏱|19=㏲|20=㏳|21=㏴|22=㏵|23=㏶|24=㏷|25=㏸|26=㏹|27=㏺|28=㏻|29=㏼|30=㏽|31=㏾}}{{#if:|舊}}{{#if:||無}}圖帕]]|}}{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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21世紀[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
| File:Tango-nosources.svg | 此章節需要提供更多來源，否則內容可能無法查證。 (2022年3月31日) |
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2005年，一名加拿大電視記者採訪了一位自稱可以創造物體的西藏僧人，以及其他人可以冥想和集中注意力的技巧看到的眾生，並以此拍攝了紀錄短片《The Tulpa》。<ref>The Tulpa (Short 2005). IMDb. [2022-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-03）.</ref>
受20世紀90年代和21世紀初影視和文學作品中的描述的影響{{#if:||}}{{#if: |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}" name="{{{name}}}">例如：1999年《X-Files》電視劇中名為「Arcadia」的一集以及2006年《超自然》的「地獄之家」中，出現了一些互聯網亞文化的實踐者；於2001年上映的電影《美麗心靈》中主角約翰·納什想象出的自己成功欲的代表威廉·帕徹（英語：William Parcher）和室友查爾斯·赫曼（英語：Charles Herman）；於2008年出版的長篇科幻小說《三體II：黑暗森林》，中國著名科幻作家劉慈欣在其中寫下了主角羅輯與他的幻想女友莊顏的故事</ref> |<ref group="{{#if:|註|註}}">例如：1999年《X-Files》電視劇中名為「Arcadia」的一集以及2006年《超自然》的「地獄之家」中，出現了一些互聯網亞文化的實踐者；於2001年上映的電影《美麗心靈》中主角約翰·納什想象出的自己成功欲的代表威廉·帕徹（英語：William Parcher）和室友查爾斯·赫曼（英語：Charles Herman）；於2008年出版的長篇科幻小說《三體II：黑暗森林》，中國著名科幻作家劉慈欣在其中寫下了主角羅輯與他的幻想女友莊顏的故事</ref> }}{{#if:||}}，Tulpa這個詞被用來指一種可以獨立思考的假想朋友。<ref>Tulpa. Tulpa Wiki. [2022-04-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31） （English）.</ref><ref name="Mikles" />圖帕實踐者們認為他們是有意識的和相對自主的。<ref name=":9" />2009年，在4chan和Reddit等網站上出現了專注於圖帕的在線社區，圖帕實踐者們在社區內被稱為Tulpamancers，並為他人提供指導和支持。當彩虹小馬的成年粉絲開始討論起以《彩虹小馬》角色創建的圖帕時，這些社區變得越來越流行。<ref name=":9" />粉絲們試圖用冥想和清醒夢的方法來創造假想朋友。<ref name="Veissière4">{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Veissière, Samuel, Amir Raz; Michael Lifshitz , 編, Varieties of Tulpa Experiences: The Hypnotic Nature of Human Sociality, Personhood, and Interphenomenality, Hypnosis and meditation: Towards an integrative science of conscious planes (Oxford University Press), 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":10" />
然而直到Tulpamancy成為4chan的超自然討論版上的一個主題之前，它實際上並不怎麼為人所知。此後，討論版塊里的一些用戶開始認真對待這個概念，有人出於好奇成功地創造了圖帕。其中兩位，用戶名叫Irish_和Dane（FAQ_man），發布了第一個圖帕社群創造指南。最終，超自然討論區厭倦了Tulpas，社區被迫轉移到IRC。<ref name=":11" />
當歐美Tulpa社群在4chan的《彩虹小馬》的討論版上找到一個新家時，Tulpamancy開始迅速走紅。用戶發布的主題為「從清明夢轉向Tulpamancy」的帖子，吸引了大量的注意和熱情的Tulpamancer們。Pleeb後來於2012年4月16日創建了Tulpa.info<ref name=":4">Home • Tulpa.info. www.tulpa.info. [2021-12-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-20）.</ref>，Tulpamancy的subreddit也於2012年5月27日創建。這個主要團體後來從形而上學的方法最終完成了向心理學方法的轉變，研究重點是探尋對Tulpa的心理學解釋和實證。<ref name=":11" />
Tulpa中文社區也發端於2012年。當時，同為彩虹小馬粉絲的Goodman3（好人Ⅲ）接觸到現代Tulpamancy，並出於緩解自身抑鬱的需要成功創造了名為Lyra的圖帕。他於2013年在百度貼吧上創建了Tulpa吧，並於2015年8月6日創建了第一個以Tulpa為主題的QQ群，作為中文網絡的討論場所。
從大多數Tulpa社群的主張和做法來看，Tulpamancy的實踐從根源上和實踐上都發生了變化。現在可以肯定地說，除了它最初的靈感和名稱，西方Tulpamancy（即現代圖帕學）已經自成一體，與原來的做法（不論是藏傳佛教的還是神秘主義的）完全不同。<ref name=":11" />但在中國大陸，中文社區曾經的「不宣傳tulpa」理念給營銷號和流量媒體提供了將現代圖帕與它的淵源（大衛·尼爾的故事是一個典型例子）重新聯繫起來的空間，其目的可能是通過靈異和獵奇故事吸引眼球從而賺取利潤。
現代圖帕的創造本身強調更少的冥想，而花更多的時間在圖帕身上，承認這個過程的主觀性，否認「小時計算」。現在的Tulpa創造依然有各種各樣類似但不同的原因，但其中許多是非佛教和神秘主義的：包括好奇心，理解大腦和自我的本質，圖帕鼓舞人心的作用，以及最重要的——友誼。<ref name=":7" />
在大眾文化中，Tulpamancy正在引起科學、媒體和偶然的興趣。比如，一些正在進行的正式研究，一些媒體出版物，以及每天都有新的Tulpamancers進入社區。目前，圖帕社區正在更廣泛的心理多元化背景下更深入地理解Tulpamancy，並將Tulpa們視為平等的人而非宿主的工具。<ref name=":8" /><ref>《對成熟Tulpa和良性Host-Tulpa關係培養的哲學思考與批判》導言 – Tulpa之家. [2022-02-25]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-10） （中文（中國大陸））.</ref>
薩米埃爾·韋西埃（Samuel Veissière）就曾經調查了其中一個圖帕社區<ref name=":5">Tulpa.io. Tulpa.io. [2021-12-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-20）.</ref>的人口、社會和心理概況。如上所述，他們自稱「Tulpamancers」，把圖帕視為「真實的或接近真實的人」，並且提出了他們的創造和證明方法。<ref name="Veissière4" />當時，這些在線社區的活躍參與者還只有幾百人，而且很少有人參加線下集會。他們主要屬於「城市中產階級、歐美青少年和年輕成年人」（集中分布於16-22歲區間內）<ref name=":8" />，並大多「認為孤獨和社交焦慮是這種做法的誘因」。<ref name="Veissière4" />93.7%的受訪者表示，他們參與創造圖帕「使他們的狀況有所改善」，並產生新的超常感官體驗。<ref name="Veissière4" />一些體驗者與他們的圖帕有性和浪漫的互動，雖然這種做法有爭議並傾向于禁忌。<ref name="Veissière4" />一項調查發現，社區里8.5%的人支持對圖帕的形而上學解釋，76.5%的人支持神經學或心理學的解釋，14%的人支持「其他」解釋。幾乎所有的參與者都認為Tulpa是一個真正的或者至少部分真實的人。<ref name="Veissière4" />
2022年2月，common-cat發起了中文Tulpa社區第二次「人口普查」，研究人員正在依據郵件調查收集到的信息對42位Tulpamancers的年齡段、職業，他們的88位圖帕的心理年齡、實際年齡（被創造時長）、形態，以及這些宿主和Tulpa的關係進行系統的數據分析。<ref>TULPA調查公開頁. www.common-cat.wiki. [2022-03-18].{{#switch:¬
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}}]|[{{#if: |-{zh:失效連結;zh-tw:失效連結;zh-cn:失效链接|{{#if:|永久失效連結|失效連結}}}}]
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在中國、日本、俄羅斯<ref>Tulpa | Цифровая копия личности человека. tulpa.online. [2022-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-01） （русский）.</ref>等地區，圖帕社群的發展情況與歐美相類似，且地方社區在2010年後規模不斷擴大，並在科學化、系統化、便捷化等方面得到了進一步的發展。Tulpamancy在這些地區已經成為一種新興亞文化，並出現了一些介紹指導性網站<ref>Introduction - Tulpanomicon. tulpanomicon.guide. [2022-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-17）.</ref>甚至娛樂性網站<ref>Tulpa Community Fun Committee. tulpa.fun. [2022-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-10）.</ref>。據2020年中文社區進行的一項調查，漢語網絡圈內保守統計實有宿主（Tulpamancer/Host）96人，實際數字可能遠大於此。<ref>針對國內Tulpa社區實際宿主人數的統計調查 – Tulpa之家. [2021-12-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-20） （中文（中國大陸））.</ref>此外，在圖帕社群內，與圖帕的性和浪漫的互動現今已經不再具有原則性爭議，也不再被視為禁忌。<ref name=":8">Tulpa Census 2016 – Libido Analysis. life of a wolfy. 2017-02-07 [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21） （British English）.</ref><ref>Census 2016 – Genders and Sexuality. life of a wolfy. 2017-02-14 [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21） （British English）.</ref><ref name=":7">Shinyuu. 2015年歐美圖帕社區人口普查. [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-09） （English）.</ref>
特徵[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
圖帕可以與創造者在大腦的思維內進行心聲的交流，而且在這一過程中圖帕的思考對宿主來說具有一種「異質感」，即Tulpamancer能感受到這明顯不是自己的想法。部分Tulpamancer能夠通過訓練對感官體驗的復現能力（這被稱為「描繪」），從而習得一種可以體驗到通過感官與自己圖帕互動的真性幻覺，如幻聽、幻視、幻觸、幻嗅等，他們稱之為「感官投影」或「投影」。體驗幻覺的創造者可以看到、聽到、觸摸甚至「嘗到」自己的圖帕。<ref name=":0">Veissière, Samuel. Varieties of Tulpa Experiences: Sentient Imaginary Friends, Embodied Joint Attention, and Hypnotic Sociality in a Wired World. somatosphere. 2015 [2021-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）.</ref><ref name=":1" />
大部分Tulpamancer會為了更好地與圖帕互動而使用一種被稱為「幻境」的技術，它是通過想象一個地點或空間而進行的。它對大多數創造者來說像一場白日夢，由於想象力的局限，真實度一般而言遠不如夢境或現實。圖帕和Tulpamancer可以在幻境中共同生活、探索、建設和深入交流。基於幻境的應用，Tulpamancer還可以通過「內投影」這一技術使得自己在幻境中的體驗變得類似清醒夢，這會使得真實感大大提升。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Tulpa. PsychonautWiki. [2021-09-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-30）.</ref>
附體和交換（神秘主義者稱之為「憑依」）指的是圖帕控制其創造者身體的方式和狀態。進行附體或交換時，創造者體驗到解離感，圖帕獨自或與創造者合作控制創造者身體的一部分或全部。這大多數情況下是通過冥想進行的（不過如果足夠熟練，也可以快速進入狀態）；而且，如果沒有創造者的許可，圖帕是不能進行附體或交換的。<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />這也被認為是圖帕具有積極性質的重要表現，以及與精神分裂症、OSDD、DID等精神或心理疾病不同的體現。
研究[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
機制[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
人工智能研究者Kaj Sotala在2015年赫爾辛基大學召開的會議《走向意識科學：2015》中提出了這樣一個假設，即圖帕可能由三個因素的組合產生：<ref name="SotalaPaper" />
- 首先，有意識的思維就像一個「現實模擬器」，想象和感知本質上是相同的過程，感知數據來自內部模型而不是外部輸入生成的。
- 其次，我們的大腦已經進化到能夠模擬他人並預測其行為，從而促進社會互動。
- 第三，根據大腦的預測編碼模型，行動和感知/預測是緊密相連的：做某件我們預測自己將會做的事，之後，大腦進行逆向推理，以找到完成預測所需的行動。
由此，從想象想要創建的角色的種類，想象角色在各種情況下的表現開始創造一個圖帕。在這一過程中創造出的心理圖像，被大腦中的人物建模模塊所接收，並開始被創造出想象中的圖帕模型，這一模型有可能無法區分想象的感覺信息和感知的感覺信息。體驗者認為，圖帕有時會做一些意想不到的事情，這可能解釋為，大腦進行逆向推理，找出圖帕所想象行為的「深層原因」，通過模擬其他結果，促使圖帕做出意料之外的行為。最終，當模型和體驗者對圖帕的想象能力足夠強時，就會產生自我維持的反饋循環，最終形成相對獨立的思維。也就是說，圖帕模型會對行動做出新的預測，並像實際發生一樣積累經驗，將經驗反饋到模型中，從而再產生新的預測和行動。在這一角度上，圖帕將被視為能夠獨立行動和獨立於「主」人格。<ref name="SotalaPaper">{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Sotala, Kaj, Sentient companions predicted and modeled into existence: explaining the tulpa phenomenon (PDF), Toward a Science of Consciousness 2015, 2015 [2020-05-26], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020年5月26日） }}</ref>
另外，他還列舉了三種與圖帕類似的現象：兒童的幻想伴侶（夥伴）、解離性身分疾患、以及小說作家經常經歷的「獨立行為者錯覺」（英語：illusion of independent agency）三種情況。<ref name="SotalaPaper" /><ref name="SotalaSlide">Sotala, Kaj. TulpaTSC2015Talk.pdf (PDF). kajsotala.fi. [2020-05-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-05-29）.</ref>而獨立行為者錯覺，是一種感覺虛構角色似乎具有自己的行為意志而真實存在，並能夠在腦內與該角色對話、討論的現象。<ref>Taylor, Marjorie; Hodges, Sara D.; Kohányi, Adèle. The illusion of independent agency: do adult fiction writers experience their characters as having minds of their own?. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. 2003, 22 (4). doi:10.2190/FTG3-Q9T0-7U26-5Q5X.</ref>
2020年，為了找出與圖帕體驗和內心獨白相關的認知機制和大腦區域的特徵，斯坦福大學計劃進行一項核磁共振成像的研究。<ref>Stanford Tulpa Study: My experience and looking for more participants : Tulpas. Reddit. 2019-08-13 [2020-05-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）.</ref>其研究成果尚未發布。
與精神疾病的關係[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
在主流社會和醫學界，擁有「多重人格」被廣泛認為是精神疾病的徵兆。雖然擁有圖帕不符合任何精神障礙的診斷標準，但Tulpamancers常被混淆或誤診為解離性身分疾患或精神分裂症或妄想症。<ref>Tulpas and Mental Health: A Study of Non-Traumagenic Plural Experiences. Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. [2021-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-12）.</ref>然而事實上，絕大部分Tulpamancer對現實都有着清晰且健康的認知，Tulpas也不會影響、甚至反而會裨益他們的正常生活。德克薩斯大學心理學學生雅各布·J·伊斯勒（他本人也是一位Tulpamancer）通過研究認為，Tulpa對Tulpamancers的心理和生理健康總體上呈正面效應，而且傳統的心理健康一元論正受到衝擊。<ref>Figure 4. Model of the Effect of Tulpas on Functioning : Tulpas and Mental Health: A Study of Non-Traumagenic Plural Experiences : Science and Education Publishing. pubs.sciepub.com. [2021-12-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）.</ref>
在薩米埃爾·韋西埃對141個宿主的調查中，他注意到自閉症、多動症等精神疾病在Tulpamancer群體中的發病率明顯高於一般人群。他在此基礎上推測，孤獨感更強烈的人可能更願意創造圖帕來改善現狀。同時，高達93.7％的Tulpamancers曾經或當前被診斷患有心理或精神障礙，而且他們均表示他們的Tulpa使自己的情況好轉。<ref name="Veissière4" />
2016年的調查結果顯示，歐美圖帕社區的成員總體上是健康的，大多數Tulpamancers沒有報告任何診斷出的精神障礙。對於那些確診的人來說，抑鬱和焦慮似乎是最常被提及的兩種。<ref name=":8" />而在2018年，歐美圖帕社群曾經對203名宿主進行過一項調查，詢問他們的使用者是否被診斷過患有精神障礙，調查數據如下表：<ref>Tulpa Comunity Census 2018. [2021-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21）.</ref>
| 症狀 | 比例 |
|---|---|
| 抑鬱 | 59% |
| 焦慮 | 44% |
| 注意力不足過動症 | 28% |
| 自閉症 | 21% |
| 創傷後壓力症候群 | 9% |
| 躁鬱症 | 7% |
| 人格障礙 | 6% |
這一結果同樣顯示，經歷過心理障礙或精神創傷的人群對Tulpa更容易產生需求。
參見[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
{{#if:
- 二分心智理論
- 意識分裂
- 雙重意識
- 心靈哲學
- 心智理論
- 認知神經科學
- 祖古
- 分身
- 夢瑜伽
- 清醒夢
- 何蒙庫魯茲
- 念寫
- 假想朋友
- 守護天使
- 內心獨白
- 解離性身分疾患|{{#if:{{#if:|
- 二分心智理論
- 意識分裂
- 雙重意識
- 心靈哲學
- 心智理論
- 認知神經科學
- 祖古
- 分身
- 夢瑜伽
- 清醒夢
- 何蒙庫魯茲
- 念寫
- 假想朋友
- 守護天使
- 內心獨白
- 解離性身分疾患|
- 二分心智理論
- 意識分裂
- 雙重意識
- 心靈哲學
- 心智理論
- 認知神經科學
- 祖古
- 分身
- 夢瑜伽
- 清醒夢
- 何蒙庫魯茲
- 念寫
- 假想朋友
- 守護天使
- 內心獨白
- 解離性身分疾患}}|{{#if:|
- 二分心智理論
- 意識分裂
- 雙重意識
- 心靈哲學
- 心智理論
- 認知神經科學
- 祖古
- 分身
- 夢瑜伽
- 清醒夢
- 何蒙庫魯茲
- 念寫
- 假想朋友
- 守護天使
- 內心獨白
- 解離性身分疾患|
- 二分心智理論
- 意識分裂
- 雙重意識
- 心靈哲學
- 心智理論
- 認知神經科學
- 祖古
- 分身
- 夢瑜伽
- 清醒夢
- 何蒙庫魯茲
- 念寫
- 假想朋友
- 守護天使
- 內心獨白
- 解離性身分疾患}}}}}}
注釋[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
參考資料[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
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