十六种人格因素
十六个人格因子问卷(16PF)是由雷蒙德·卡特尔,莫里斯·达冈及赫伯特·埃伯在数十年的经验研究中开发的一项自我报告人格测验。 十六个人格因子问卷提供了一种正常人格的度量标准,心理学家和其他心理健康专业人员也可以将其用作临床工具,以帮助诊断精神疾病,帮助进行预后和治疗计划。 16PF还可以提供与临床和谘询过程相关的信息,例如个人的洞察力、自尊心、认知风格、标准的内在化、开放的态度、同情的能力、人际信任的水平、依恋的质量、人际关系需求、对权威的态度、对动力变化的反应、沮丧的容忍度和应对方式。因此,十六个人格因子问卷为临床医生提供了焦虑、调节、情绪稳定和行为问题的正常范围测量。<ref>Karson, W & J. W O'Dell.(1976). A Guide to the Clinical Use of the 16PF. University of Michigan Press.{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}</ref>临床医生可以使用十六个人格因子问卷的结果来确定建立工作联盟,制定治疗计划并选择有效的治疗干预措施或治疗方式的有效策略。它也可以用于其他心理学领域,例如职业和职业选择。<ref>Schuerger, J.M. -{R|Career Assessment and The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Journal of Career Assessment. March 1995, 3 (2): 157–175. S2CID 143342751. doi:10.1177/106907279500300204.</ref>
从1940年代开始,雷蒙德·卡特尔使用了多种技术,包括应用于英语特质词典的新的公因子分析统计技术,以阐明正常人格领域内的主要基础维度。这种方法以这些变量之间的相互关系矩阵为起点,以试图揭示人格的潜在来源特征。雷蒙德·卡特尔发现,人格结构是分层的,具有主要和次要的层级特征。<ref>Cattell, R. B. (1978). Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences. New York: Plenum.{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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|{{subst:Unsubst|Page needed| date|November 2020 }}
}}</ref> 在小学阶段,雷蒙德·卡特尔度量了16个主要性状结构,在中学阶段具有大五级次要特征的一种形式。这些较高级别的因素来自对16个主要因素本身进行16 x 16互相关矩阵的因素分析。 <ref name="Cattell, R. B. (1957).">Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement. New York: World Book.{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}</ref>十六个人格因子问卷在初级和二级“全局”特征上产生得分,从而允许对每个人的独特性格特征进行多层次描述。这些性状维度及其描述的列表可以在下面找到。雷蒙德·卡特尔还发现了人格组织的第三个层次,它仅包含两个总体因素。
正常人格特质结构的测量是卡特尔人际心理变量综合理论的组成部分,涵盖了认知能力,正常人格特质,异常(心理病理)人格特质,动态动机特质,情绪状态和短暂情绪状态的个体差异。 在他的行为规范/预测方程式中都考虑在内。16PF还被翻译成30多种语言和方言,并在国际上得到广泛使用。<ref>Cattell, H. E. P. & Mead, A. D. (2008). The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2 – Personality Measurement and Testing. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. {{#if:1-4129-2364-6|[[{{#ifeq:{{safesubst:#switch:
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}}|ISBN]]{{#if:||{{{arg}}}}}}}参数错误:ISBN缺失。}}</ref><ref name="opp.com">-{R|Archived copy. [2014-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-01).</ref>
雷蒙德·卡特尔和他的同事还构建了十六个人格因子问卷的向下扩展–平行人格问卷,旨在测量年轻年龄段的相应特质结构,例如高中人格问卷(HSPQ)、青少年人格问卷(APQ)<ref name="Schuerger, J.M. 2001">Schuerger, J.M. (2001). 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: IPAT.{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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|#default = _IN:_i2=_sublen3={{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}_j4=u_min=Template:Min_CORE:slen:28_i={{#if:}||{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|1|0}} and {{#if:|1|0}})|{{#expr:Template:Min-{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}+{{#ifexpr:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}}_j=Template:Min_inv={{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}||0|{{#expr:abs(−1)−1}}}}<0|yes|no}}_tchk={{#if:{{#if:|{{#if:{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}|{{#if:|{{#ifexpr:((-+1)<>{{#expr:abs(-1)-1}}) and (*<>0)|Error using {{[[{{#switch: |#default = Str mid | = {{#ifeq: | | Template:Str mid | Str mid }}
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|[[Category:{{#if:November 2020 |自November 2020 }}]]{{#if:November 2020 |{{#ifexist:Category:自November 2020| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:November 2020 |自November 2020 }}]]{{#if:November 2020 |{{#ifexist:Category:自November 2020| | }} }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if: |[[Category:{{#if:November 2020 |自November 2020 }}]]{{#if:November 2020 |{{#ifexist:Category:自November 2020| | }} }} }}}}
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| talk = | user = | wikipedia = | image = | mediawiki = | template = {{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|十六种人格因素||{{#if:November 2020||}}}}}} | help = | category = | portal = | wikiproject = | other | #default = }} | }}
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|{{subst:Unsubst|Page needed| date|November 2020 }}
}}</ref> 、儿童人格问卷(CPQ)<ref>Porter, R. B. & Cattell, R. B. (1985). Handbook for the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), Champaign, IL: IPAT.{{ safesubst:#ifeq:|
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}}</ref>、早期人格问卷(ESPQ),<ref>Coan, Richard W.; Cattell, Raymond B. -{R|The Development of the Early School Personality Questionnaire. The Journal of Experimental Education. December 1959, 28 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1080/00220973.1959.11010646.</ref>、以及学龄前人格问卷(PSPQ)。<ref>Lichtenstein, Don; Dreger, Ralph Mason; Cattell, Raymond B. Factor Structure and Standardization of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1 April 1986, 1 (2): 165–182. ProQuest 1292282028.</ref>
大纲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
1949年首次《十六个人格因子问卷》
1956年发布《十六个人格因子问卷》第二版
1962年出版《十六个人格因子问卷》第三版
1967年至1969年发布了第四版《十六个人格因子问卷》
1993年发布的第五版《十六个人格因子问卷》
雷蒙德·卡特尔的16个性格因素[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
下表概述了十六个人格因子问卷问卷所测量的人格特质。
低范围的描述 | 主要因素 | 高范围的描述 |
---|---|---|
非人格的,遥远的,酷的,保留的,超然的,正式的,超然的 | 热情 (A) |
热情,外向,专心,友善,随和,参与,喜欢与人相处 |
思维具体,智慧不足,一般智力低下,无法处理抽象问题 | 有逻辑 (B) |
思维抽象,更聪明,聪明,更高的一般智力,快速学习 |
情绪反应活跃,多变,受情感影响,情绪不稳定,容易难过 | 情緒穩定 (C) |
情绪稳定,适应能力强,成熟,从容面对现实 |
孝顺,合作,避免冲突,顺从,谦虚,服从,容易领导,服从,包容 | 支配地位 (E) |
支配,有力,果断,进取,竞争,固执,专横 |
认真,内敛,审慎,沉默寡言,内省,沉默 | 活泼 (F) |
活泼,生气勃勃,自发,热情,幸运,开朗,富有表现力,冲动 |
权宜,不合规,无视规则,放纵自己 | 尽职尽责 (G) |
有规则意识,尽职尽责,尽责,服从,道德,稳重,有规则 |
害羞,对威胁敏感,胆小,犹豫,受威胁 | 社会勇气 (H) |
社交大胆,富于冒险精神,皮肤厚实,奔放 |
功利主义,客观,朴实,胸怀大志,自力更生,胡说八道,粗糙 | 灵敏度 (I) |
敏感,美学,感性,温柔,直觉,精致 |
信任,毫不怀疑,接受,无条件,容易 | 警觉 (L) |
保持警惕,可疑,怀疑,不信任,对立 |
扎实,实用,平淡,以解决方案为导向,稳定,常规 | 抽象性 (M) |
抽象,富有想像力,心不在焉,不切实际,专心致志 |
正直,真诚,无情,开放,无胆,天真,谦虚,关系密切的 | 私密性 (N) |
私密,谨慎,保密,精明,优美,世俗,精明,外交 |
自我保证,无忧,自满,安全,无愧,自信,自满 | 顾虑 (O) |
忧虑,自我怀疑,担心,容易内疚,不安全,担心,自责 |
传统的,依附于熟悉的,保守的,尊重传统观念的 | 开放的变化 (Q1) |
开放,实验,自由,分析,批判,自由思考,灵活性 |
面向团体,隶属关系,依赖加入者和跟随者 | 自力更生 (Q2) |
自力更生,孤独,足智多谋,个人主义,自给自足 |
宽容,不精确,灵活,不纪律,松懈,自相矛盾,冲动,不遵守社会规则,不受控制 | 完美主义 (Q3) |
完美,有组织,强迫性,自律,社交精确,严格的意志力,控制力,自我感性 |
放松,平静,宁静,上瘾,耐心,低沉 | 压力 (Q4) |
紧张,精力充沛,急躁,动力,沮丧,过度劳累,时间驱动 |
卡特尔16人格因素模型中的主要因素及描述 |
原始的五大特征[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
温暖(因素A):由于真诚,关怀,同情和关心的感觉而趋向于寻求亲密和联系的他人的趋势(相对于保持和分离的趋势,因此是独立和不情感的)。
活泼(因素F):倾向于充满活力,爱好娱乐和无忧无虑,并以充满活力,令人兴奋的方式自发地走向他人的趋势。低分者倾向于更加严肃和克制,并且要谨慎,谨慎和明智。
社会勇气(因素H):倾向于以自信,无所畏惧的方式寻求社会互动,享受挑战,冒险并成为关注中心的趋势。低分者倾向于害羞怯,谦虚,规避风险。
正直(因子N):倾向于在社交场合公开,直率和真诚地被他人认识的趋势,因此要自我揭示和不受保护。低分者往往更私密且不易透露自己,并且更难以了解。
亲属关系(因素Q2):倾向于寻求同伴关系并喜欢在一个群体中发挥作用(包容,合作,良好的追随者,愿意妥协)。低分者倾向于更加个人主义和自力更生,并珍视他们的自主权。
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