社会化

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主要[[:{{#if:社会学分支学科|社会学分支学科|Subfields of sociology}}|分支学科]]（英语：Subfields of sociology）
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  • 社会学家列表
  • [[:{{#if:社会学时间轴|社会学时间轴|Timeline of sociology}}|{{#if:社会学时间轴|社会学时间轴|Timeline of sociology}}]]（英语：Timeline of sociology）

社会化或社教化（英语：Socialization）是广泛应用于社会学、社会心理学、人类学、政治学与教育学范畴的名词，意指人类学习、继承各种社会规范、传统、意识形态等周遭的社会文化元素，并逐渐适应于其中的过程。对个人来说，社会化是学习同时扮演社会上不同的角色的过程。个人的社会化常受到地区文化的影响，且因个人的成长背景，社会化的过程、内容也会随之改变。

在社会学中，该概念是指社会规范和意识形态内化的过程。社会化包括学习和教学，因此是“实现社会和文化连续性的手段”。<ref name="Clausen">Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialisation and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company</ref><ref>Macionis, John J. Sociology 15th. Boston: Pearson. 2013: 126. ISBN 978-0133753271. </ref>

社会化与发展心理学密切相关。<ref>Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. {{#if:978-0-435-49915-0|[[{{#ifeq:{{safesubst:#switch: 

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社会化本质上代表了整个生命过程中的整个学习过程，对成人和儿童的行为、信念和行动产生了核心影响。<ref>MLA Style: "socialization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010.</ref><ref name="Cromdal2006">Cromdal, Jakob. Socialization. K. Brown (编). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. North-Holland: Elsevier. 2006: 462–66. ISBN 978-0080448541. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9. </ref>

社会化可能会导致（在主观认定上）理想的结果—有时被称为“道德”—就其发生所在的文化社群而言。个人观点受社会共识影响，通常倾向于社会认为可以接受或“正常”的观点。社会化仅对人类的信仰和行为提供了部分解释，认为能动者（英语：agents，社会学术语）不是由环境预先确定的白板<ref>Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.</ref>；科学研究提供证据表明，人们是由社会影响和基因共同塑造的。<ref>Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". Natural History, October 2002.</ref><ref name="Carlson">Carlson, N.R.; et al. (2005) Psychology: the science of behavior. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). {{#if:0-205-45769-X|[[{{#ifeq:{{safesubst:#switch: 

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遗传研究表明，一个人的环境与其基因型相互作用，进而影响其行为产出。<ref>Kendler, K.S. and Baker, J.H. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2007, 37 (5): 615–26. PMID 17176502. S2CID 43598144. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524. </ref>

促进社会化的社会组织包括学校、民间团体、家庭、青少年中心、教堂等社交场合；协助社交化的媒体包括杂志、电影、电视等，因为它们传播着一些大众的文化价值。

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

参考书目[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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<references group=""></references>
  • Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.
  • Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
  • Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail's Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.
  • Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman.
  • Bogard, Kimber. "Citizenship attitudes and allegiances in diverse youth." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic minority Psychology14(4)(2008): 286-296.
  • Mehan, Hugh. "Sociological Foundations Supporting the Study of Cultural Diversity." 1991. National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning.
  • Robert Feldman, Ph.D. Child Development Third Edition, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

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