戰鬥或逃跑反應

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File:Dog and cat showing fight or flight responses.jpg
一對表現出該現象。

戰鬥或逃跑反應(英語:Fight-or-flight response 或 fight-or-flight-or-freeze、fight-flight response、hyperarousal、acute stress response 等),或稱戰或逃反應等,是一種生理反應,是對感知到的有害事件、攻擊生存威脅做出的反應。<ref name="Cannon - Fight or Flight Response">Cannon, Walter. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. 1932. ISBN 978-0393002058. </ref> 沃爾特·布拉德福德·坎農 (Walter Bradford Cannon) 是最初以學術方法闡述這個現象的學者(之一)。{{#if:

|<ref name="" group="{{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
   | upper-roman
   | lower-alpha
   | lower-greek
   | lower-roman = 
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  }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref>
|<ref group="{{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
   | upper-roman
   | lower-alpha
   | lower-greek
   | lower-roman = 
   | #default = lower-alpha
  }}">坎農在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage(1915年,第一版)頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”("the necessities of fighting or flight")。</ref>

}}<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915: 211. </ref> 他的理論指出,動物對威脅的反應是交感神經系統全面放電,為戰鬥或逃跑做好準備。<ref name="Jansen - Intro fight or flight physiology">Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M. Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response. Science Magazine. 27 October 1995, 5236 (270): 644–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..644J. PMID 7570024. S2CID 38807605. doi:10.1126/science.270.5236.644. </ref> 更具體地說,腎上腺髓質(英語:Adrenal medulla)產生激素級聯反應(英語:hormonal cascade),導致兒茶酚胺分泌,尤其是去甲腎上腺素腎上腺素。<ref>Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915. </ref> 激素雌激素睪酮皮質醇,以及神經遞質多巴胺血清素,也會影響生物體對壓力的反應。<ref>Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained. Huffington Post. April 19, 2014 [16 August 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2014-08-06). </ref> 激素骨鈣素也可能起作用。<ref>Kwon, Diana. Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones. Scientific American. [2020-06-22]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-21) (English). </ref><ref>Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response. phys.org. [2020-06-22]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-21) (English). </ref>

這種反應被認為是調節脊椎動物和其他生物體之間壓力反應的一般適應綜合徵(英語:General adaptation syndrome)的第一階段。<ref name="Pathology - Theory Medical Student's Library">Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z. PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library. Radom. 2009: 270–275. </ref>

概述[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

這種應激反應的中心位於丘腦下部,包括了許多種情緒反應。丘腦下部有時被視作應激中心,因為其在緊急事件中具備雙重功能:對於自主神經系統(ANS)的控制,以及對垂體腺的控制<ref>《心理學與生活》(Psychology and life),Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo,ISBN 9787115111302,人民郵電出版社,2003-10,P363</ref>。

兩性在「戰鬥或逃跑反應」中表現有差異:較之女性,男性更傾向於「戰鬥」反應;較之男性,女性更傾向於「逃跑」反應,或尋求他人幫助,或化解當前危險——「[[結盟與友好{{safesubst:#if:||{{{lt}}}}}]]{{safesubst:#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||{{#if:{{#ifexist:結盟與友好||1}}

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}}}}”。尤其是身为母亲的女性,面临紧张情况时,会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。<ref> Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."</ref>

註腳[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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參考文獻[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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