血型性格學說
血型人格理論（英語：Blood type personality theory）<ref>Davis, Matt. What is the Japanese blood type theory of personality?. Big Think. 25 March 2019 [19 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-09）.</ref>，或稱血型性格學說等，是一種盛行於日本和韓國等地的偽科學信仰，它指出一個人所屬的血型系統可以預測一個人的性格、氣質和與他人的兼容性。<ref name="AP">Yamaguchi, Mari. Myth about Japan blood types under attack. MediResource Inc. 6 May 2005 [29 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于28 December 2009）.</ref> 該理論通常被科學界認為是一種迷信，類似於西方的占星術信仰。
日本發展血型人格指標理論的原因之一是對德國科學家埃米爾·馮·鄧恩 (Emil von Dungern) 的聲稱的反應，即擁有B型血的人是劣等的。<ref>Takeji Furukawa (1927), 血液型と気質 Blood Type and Temperament - in Europe, type A was more common than type B, while in Asia type B was more prevalent. Von Dungren claimed A people are superior to B people. Because Asia had more B people than some parts of Europe, the inference was that Asia was inferior (along with European B's) A Japanese scholar, Takeji Furukawa opposed that idea and asserted that B persons were active while A persons were passive.</ref> 流行的信仰起源於 1970 年代能見正比古的出版物。
儘管已經提出了一些醫學假設來支持血型人格理論<ref>Tsuchimine, Shoko; Saruwatari, Junji; Kaneda, Ayako; Yasui-Furukori, Norio. ABO Blood Type and Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Subjects. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (5): e0126983. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1026983T. PMC 4433257 可免费查阅. PMID 25978647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126983 可免费查阅.</ref>，科學界普遍認為血型人格理論是迷信或偽科學，因為缺乏（符合科學標準的）證據或可供（科學式）檢驗的標準。<ref name="AP2">Yamaguchi, Mari. Myth about Japan blood types under attack. MediResource Inc. 6 May 2005 [29 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于28 December 2009）.</ref><ref>Dating by blood type in Japan. [2021-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-04）.</ref><ref name="Nuwer">Nuwer, Rachel. You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality. Scientific American. [16 February 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-18）.</ref> 儘管對血型和性格之間因果關係的研究是有限的，但大多數現代研究並未證明兩者之間有任何統計學上的顯著關聯。<ref name="cramer">Cramer, K. M., & Imaike, E. (2002). Personality, blood type, and the five-factor model. Personality and individual differences, 32(4), 621-626.</ref><ref name="rogers">Rogers, M., & Glendon, A. I. (2003). Blood type and personality. Personality and individual differences, 34(7), 1099-1112.</ref><ref name="wu">Wu, K., Lindsted, K. D., & Lee, J. W. (2005). Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia. Personality and individual differences, 38(4), 797-808.</ref><ref name="nawata">Kengo Nawata (2014), No relationship between blood type and personality: Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}, The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(2), 148-156.</ref> 一些研究表明，血型和性格之間存在統計學上的顯著關係，儘管尚不清楚這是否僅僅是由於自我實現的預言。<ref name="sakamoto2004">Sakamoto, A., & Yamazaki, K. (2004), Blood-typical personality stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy: A natural experiment with time-series data of 1978–1988. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-01-22., Progress in Asian Social Psychology, Vol. 4, 239–262.</ref><ref name="sakamoto1992">Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1992), 血液型ステレオタイプによる自己成就現象II－全国調査の時系列分析－ The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey II, Paper presented at the 33rd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 342-345).</ref><ref name="nagashima">Cosy Muto, Masahiro Nagashima et. al. (2011), A Demonstrative and Critical Study on Pseudo-science for Scientific Literacy Construction at Teacher Education Course{{#switch:¬
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}}{{#if:yes|}}, FY2011 Final Research Report from the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research - neither exact number of samples nor years was specified in the report</ref>然而，最近使用人工智能的研究證實了血型和性格之間的顯著關係，即使是對性格沒有了解的人也是如此。與此相反，事實證明，人格測試也很難確認顯著的關係。<ref>{{
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|Template:Citation/patent |Masayuki Kanazawa, Pilot Analysis of Genetic Effects on Personality Test Scores with AI: ABO Blood Type in Japan, 2023 [2023-03-11], （原始内容存档于2023-03-27） }}</ref><ref>{{
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歷史[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
1900年，奥地利维也纳大学病理研究所的生物学家卡尔·兰德施泰纳，發現了ABO血型系统。隨後，1910至1911年，波兰人希尔斯菲尔德和德国人冯·登格恩发现了ABO血型系统的遗传性。
在昭和年間，這個學說傳入日本。1927年，東京女子高等師範学校（今御茶水女子大學）的教授古川竹二，在學術期刊《心理研究》上，發表一篇論文「基於血型的氣質研究」（血液型による気質の研究），首次提出人類血型與人類先天的性格有關。他的研究引起日本社會的關注與興趣，但是他的研究樣本不到三十個人，在統計學上的可靠性不高。
日本陸軍對他的研究很感興趣，贊助他的研究，希望找出最好的血型組合，來組織軍隊。因台灣霧社事件影響，1932年，古川竹二再度發表論文，研究各族群間的血型差異，希望找出台灣原住民反抗的原因。他認為，參與反抗運動的台灣人以O型居多，他們反抗心較強烈。他建議日本政府，讓日本人與台灣人通婚，以減少台灣人反抗的基因（因日本人A型血最多）。但他的研究結果，受到金澤醫科大學古畑種基教授的質疑，認為缺少科學性，因此逐漸不再流行。
二次世界大戰結束後，1971年，能見正比古出版著作，再度介紹血型與性格間的關係，成為熱門著作。因此，血型性格學說，再度廣泛在日本社會中流行，並外傳至韓國、中國等地。能見正比古去世後，他的兒子能見俊賢設立了「人類科学ABO中心 {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}」活動。
科學研究[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
醫學界一般認為血型性格學說缺少可信度，因為在目前的研究中，還沒有發現血型可以影響到大腦神經系統運作，以及影響到思考、人格形成的證據，血型性格學說也沒有提供對於血型如何影響到大腦的科學解釋。然而，2022 年，科學雜誌《自然》發表了三篇關於 ABO 血型和腸道微生物群的論文<ref>{{
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|Template:Citation/patent |Yang H; et al, ABO genotype alters the gut microbiota by regulating GalNAc levels in pigs, 2022 [2023-03-11], （原始内容存档于2023-03-11） }}</ref><ref>{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Qin Y; et al, Combined effects of host genetics and diet on human gut microbiota and incident disease in a single population cohort, 2022 [2023-03-11], （原始内容存档于2023-09-26） }}</ref><ref>{{
#if:
|Template:Citation/patent |Lopera-Maya EA; et al, Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the Dutch Microbiome Project, 2022 [2023-03-11], （原始内容存档于2023-03-14） }}</ref>，表明細菌豐度的差異與抑鬱症和精神疾病存在因果關係。
相關流行文化[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
參考資料[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
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<references group=""></references>- 古川竹二 『血液型と気質』 (1932) 血型和気質
- 能見正比古 『血液型でわかる相性―伸ばす相手、こわす相手』 (1971) 使由于血型知道的相互適合性-得到提高的対方,弄坏的対方
- 能見正比古 『血液型人間学―あなたを幸せにする性格分析』 (1973) 血型人類學-你幸福的性格分析
- 大村政男 『血液型と性格』 (1990 ISBN 457124021X, 1998 ISBN 4571240341, 2012 ISBN 4571240481) 血型和性格
- 前川輝光 『血液型人間学―運命との対話』 (1998) ISBN 4879841951 血型人類學-與命運的対話
- 松田薫 『「血液型と性格」の社会史―血液型人類学の起源と展開』 (1991 4309241247/9784309241241, 1994 ISBN 4309241247/ISBN 430924145X) 血型和性格的社會史-血型人類學的起源和展開
- 白佐俊憲・井口拓自 『血液型性格研究入門―血液型と性格は関係ないと言えるか』 (1993) ISBN 4761005076 血型性格研究入門-血型和性格能説没有関系嗎？
- 山岡重行 『ダメな大人にならないための心理学』 (2001) ISBN 4892426652 用来不成為不行的大人的心理学
- 金澤正由樹 『統計でわかる 血液型人間学入門』 (2014) 4779011094/9784779011092 用統計知道的血型人類學入門
- Nawata K (2014), No relationship between blood type and personality: Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于-{字词转换器深度越限（10）zh-cn:互联网档案馆;zh-tw:網際網路檔案館;zh-hk:互聯網檔案館;zh-sg:互联网档案馆;{{#if:||）}}, Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85, 2, 148-156.
延伸閱讀[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- PanSci 泛科學：科學·巴萊：霧社事件催生「血型性格說」 {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}
- 人類科学ABO中心(Human Science ABO Center) {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}{{#ifexist:Template:ISO 639 name ja
|（日語） |Template:Error（說明）如果在角色介紹看到此訊息，請參考這個條目修改原始碼。
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