生殖期

精神分析学中的生殖期是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德所使用的表述，用于描述人类的性心理发展的最后阶段。 <ref>Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology (PFL 10) pp. 78–9</ref>该阶段个人会对家庭以外的人产生强烈的性兴趣。

弗洛伊德及后世学者[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

1915年，西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）将生殖期的概念添加到《性学三论》（1905年）中。包括5个发展阶段，分别是口腔期，肛门期，性器期，潜伏期和生殖期。生殖期大约从青春期初开始，到死亡为止。根据弗洛伊德的说法，这一阶段会出现俄狄浦斯情结出现。生殖期与性器期类似，其主要的关注点都是生殖区，不同的是，在本阶段这种关注能够被意识到。

当性驱力和攻击力恢复后，就会进入生殖期。性快感的来源扩展到了父母之外。 <ref>Colman, Andrew M. Genital stage. A Dictionary of Psychology. 2008 [2021-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-22）. = Colman, Andrew M. https://books.google.com/?id=zvlrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311&dq=%22genital+stage%22 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). A Dictionary of Psychology 4th. Oxford University Press. 2015 [2001]. ISBN 978-0-19105784-7. </ref>如果在性器期，孩子被同性父母潜意识吸引，那么在这一阶段可能会发生同性恋关系。 <ref>Pastorino, Ellen E.; Doyle-Portillo, Susann M. https://books.google.com/?id=1iKgwo2q_54C&pg=PA466&dq=%22Genital+Stage%22 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). What is Psychology? Essentials 2nd. Boston: Cengage Learning. 2012 [2010]. ISBN 978-1-11183415-9. </ref>然而，从下面对性器期的解释来看，与其初步理解不一致。恋母情结是性器期的关键组成部分之一，可以解释为需要父母亲作为性欲的主要回应主体。必须明确的是，母亲可以更多地回应以满足其释放和表现性欲，因此是母亲作为婴儿表现性欲的对象，而不是父亲。受测者不太可能对父亲产生任何潜意识的性吸引，因为父亲的存在是让受测者无法拥有母亲的根源：受测者仍专注于接受母亲的关注。此外，在性器期中的所有性吸引完全是无意识的。

在生殖期，自我和超我已有很大发展。这可以使个人有更现实的思维方式，并建立除家庭之外的各种社会关系。 <ref>Louw, D. A. Human Development. Pearson South Africa. 1998. ISBN 9780798647083. </ref>生殖期是最后的阶段，被认为是成熟度最高的阶段。 <ref>Sullivan, C. T. C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). 1963: 33–47. </ref>在这个阶段，成年人有两种成熟的迹象，可致力于工作和相爱。 <ref>King, Laura. The Science of Psychology 2nd. McGraw-Hill. : 388. ISBN 978-0-077-53616-9. </ref>

该阶段从青春期开始<ref>Freud's Psychosexual Development in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online. Allpsych.com. [2014-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-01）. </ref>，但到成年后都未必能完成。 <ref>P. T. Brown, 'Sexual Development' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) pp. 706–7.</ref>奥托·费尼切尔（Otto Fenichel）认为，生殖器至上是克服矛盾和对完整客体的爱的前提。 <ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) pp. 84 and 496.</ref>

1960年，罗伯特·怀特（Robert W. White）将弗洛伊德的生殖期理论从本能需求扩展到将本能效应包含在内。他对该阶段的扩充包括：个人将开始决定其在社会中扮演的角色，以及开始为了社会和性满足的约会。 <ref>Fromm, Donald. Systems of Psychotherapy. 2010. ISBN 9781441973085. </ref>

预后[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

弗洛伊德认为个体达到生殖期的程度与神经症易感性呈负相关。 <ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 265</ref>相反，固着在早期的性心理水平上会阻碍正常性关系的发展。 <ref>Psychosexual Development. Victorianweb.org. [2014-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）. </ref>

需要注意的一点，尽管口腔期，肛门期和生殖期都是不同的阶段，但它们可以同时發生，也可能不定期发生。 <ref>Sullivan, C. T. C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). 1963: 33–47. Sullivan, C. T. (1963). "The Developmental Stages of the Ego". C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology (PDF). pp. 33–47.</ref>弗洛伊德认为，如果过度满足或满足受挫，个人可能会停滞在某一个阶段。如果成人未能完成某个阶段，则可能在日后的生活中发生固着。 <ref>King, Laura. The Science of Psychology 2nd. McGraw-Hill. : 388. ISBN 978-0-077-53616-9. King, Laura. The Science of Psychology (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 388. ISBN BookSources / 978-0-077-53616-9|978-0-077-53616-9.</ref>

批判[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

虽然正常的生殖人格在理论上被认为是理想的体系<ref>Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 496</ref>，但在实践中，生殖期理论可能会陷入对物品和使人成瘾的目标的迷恋，而不是可体验的现实。 <ref>Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (1973) p. 257</ref>

参见[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

杰弗里·穆塞耶夫·马森（英语：Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson）
Life Against Death（英语：Life Against Death）
退化感情
性高潮
威廉·赖希（Wilhelm Reich）

参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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相关阅读[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Karl Abraham, 'Character Formation on the Genital Level of Libidinal Development', in Selected Papers (1927)
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Nagera, Humberto (编). Genital erotism (pp. 88ff.). Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Libido Theory. London: Karnac Books. 2012 [1969]. ISBN 978-1-78181098-9.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}.

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弗洛伊德的性心理发展 {{#if:||（}}页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆{{#if:||）}}。
Felluga, Dino. Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. Purdue University College of Liberal Arts. [2021-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-06）.

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弗洛伊德及后世学者[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

预后[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

批判[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

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