编辑“语用学”

{{Linguistics}}
{{expert|语用学}}
{{distinguish|應用語言學}}

'''語用學'''（{{lang-en|Pragmatics}}）是[[語言學]]的一個分支學科，與[[符號學]]理論相互交叉、滲透，研究語境對語言含義產生的影響與做出的貢獻。語用學包括言語行為理論、對話內涵義、交流中的對話，以及從哲學、社會學、語言學及人類學等角度解析人類語言行為的研究。

語用學分析研究語言行為（如招呼、回答、勸說）的文化準繩與發言規則。語用學還研究語言用於成事的方式。

不同的文化之間皆有[[約定俗成]]、[[客套]]的對話，為了避免[[跨文化交流]]之中，因為語言規範的差異而在交談之中產生誤解，[[社會語言學]]的知識與務實能力是語言學習者所不能忽視的。
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Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.[2] In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.[1]

The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.[3][4][5]
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==參見==
*[[語義學]]{{,}}[[語法學]]{{,}}[[句法學]]
*[[語言學]]{{,}}[[符號學]]
*[[應用語言學]]

==參考文獻==
{{refbegin|2}}
* [[J. L. Austin|Austin, J. L.]] (1962) ''[[How to Do Things With Words]]''. Oxford University Press.
* Ariel, Mira (2008), ''Pragmatics and Grammar'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|author=Ariel, Mira|title=Defining Pragmatics|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-73203-1}}
* Brown, Penelope, and [[Stephen C. Levinson]]. (1978) ''Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage''. Cambridge University Press.
* [[Robyn Carston|Carston, Robyn]] (2002) ''Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* [[Herb Clark|Clark, Herbert H.]] (1996)  "Using Language". Cambridge University Press.
* Cole, Peter, ed.. (1978) ''Pragmatics''.  (Syntax and Semantics, 9). New York: Academic Press.
* [[Teun A. van Dijk|Dijk, Teun A. van.]] (1977) ''Text and Context. Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse''. London: Longman.
* [[H. Paul Grice|Grice, H. Paul]]. (1989) ''Studies in the Way of Words''. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
* Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward. (2005) ''The Handbook of Pragmatics''. Blackwell.
* Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983) ''Principles of Pragmatics''. London: Longman.
* [[Stephen C. Levinson|Levinson, Stephen C.]] (1983) ''Pragmatics''. Cambridge University Press.
* [[Stephen C. Levinson|Levinson, Stephen C.]] (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.
* Lin, G. H. C., & Perkins, L. (2005). Cross-cultural discourse of giving and accepting gifts. International Journal of Communication, 16,1-2, 103-12 (ERIC Collections in ED 503685 http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED503685.pdf)
* [[Jacob L. Mey|Mey, Jacob L.]] (1993) ''Pragmatics: An Introduction''. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
* Kepa Korta and John Perry. (2006) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/ ''Pragmatics'']{{Wayback|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/ |date=20180426130551 }}. The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* Potts, Christopher. (2005) ''The Logic of Conventional Implicatures''. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* [[Douglas Robinson (academic)|Robinson, Douglas]]. (2003). ''Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things With Words''. London and New York: Routledge.
* Robinson, Douglas. (2006). ''Introducing Performative Pragmatics''. London and New York: Routledge.
* Sperber, Dan and Wilson, Deirdre. (2005) [http://www.dan.sperber.com/pragmatics.htm Pragmatics]{{Wayback|url=http://www.dan.sperber.com/pragmatics.htm |date=20180214073322 }}. In F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy. OUP, Oxford, 468-501. (Also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024359/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/deirdre/papers/Pragmatics2005.doc here].)
* Thomas, Jenny (1995) ''Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics''. Longman.
* Verschueren, Jef. (1999) [https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/rg/ipra/research/publications/books/ ''Understanding Pragmatics'']{{Wayback|url=https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/rg/ipra/research/publications/books/ |date=20160801051632 }}. London, New York: Arnold Publishers.
* Verschueren, Jef, Jan-Ola Östman, Jan Blommaert, eds. (1995) ''Handbook of Pragmatics''. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
* [[Watzlawick]], Paul, Janet Helmick Beavin and Don D. Jackson (1967) ''Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes''. New York: Norton.
* [[Anna Wierzbicka|Wierzbicka, Anna]] (1991) ''Cross-cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction''. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Yule, George (1996) ''Pragmatics'' (Oxford Introductions to Language Study). Oxford University Press.
* Silverstein, Michael. 1976. "Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description," in Meaning and Anthropology, Basso and Selby, eds. New York: Harper & Row
* Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell.
* Duranti, Alessandro. (1997). "Linguistic Anthropology". Cambridge University Press.
* Carbaugh, Donal. (1990). "Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact." LEA.
{{refend}}

==外部連結==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160926225832/http://ipra.ua.ac.be/ International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)]
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505593/description#description Journal of Pragmatics]{{Wayback|url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505593/description#description |date=20100620003148 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090307222541/http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html "What is Pragmatics?" (eprint) by Shaozhong Liu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715230104/http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/mediawiki/index.php/ELiX_Wiki:Projects/ECSTRA European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA)], a (wiki)project in comparative pragmatics directed by [[Joachim Grzega]].

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:語用學| ]]
[[Category:語言學分支]]
[[Category:語言哲學]]
[[Category:符號學]]
[[Category:心理學]]
[[Category:心理學分支]]
[[Category:跨學科領域]]