编辑“素質—壓力模式”

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{{translating|[[:en:Diathesis–stress model|Diathesis–stress model]]||tpercent=45|time=2019-03-29}}{{Annotated image|caption=[[素質－壓力模式]]預測當人們本身的傾向與壓力加在一起，超過一定水平就會發病。當給予適當的[[因應 (心理學)|解壓方法]]或支持，發病的閾值會上升，減低壓力的影響。|image=Diathesis stress model graph.svg|width=512|height=300|image-width=512|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|460|280|時間|font-weight=bold|font-size=20}}
{{Annotation|18|55|閾值|font-weight=bold|font-size=20|color=red}}
{{Annotation|135|4|症狀出現|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#996B1F}}
{{Annotation|105|152|壓<br/>力|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#996B1F}}
{{Annotation|18|5|負荷|font-weight=bold|font-size=20}}
{{Annotation|340|35|資源或支持|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#8B0000}}
{{Annotation|340|220|體質|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=green}}}}'''素質—壓力模型'''（{{Lang-en|diathesis-stress model}}）<ref>{{Cite web|title=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/|work=dictionary.apa.org|accessdate=2019-03-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427011428/https://dictionary.apa.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>是一個[[心理學]]理論，此理论嘗試去解釋[[精神疾患|心理疾病]]的成因，主要應用於[[精神病理學]]<ref name="Sigelman">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA Developmental psychopathology.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA |date=20200906060540 }}  ''Life-span human development'' (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。這個模型也可以用來研究[[先天与后天|先天與後天]]在人一生中對於心理疾病的交互作用<ref name="Sigelman2">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA Developmental psychopathology.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA |date=20200906060540 }}  ''Life-span human development'' (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。

當一個預先存在且易受傷害（{{Lang-en|vulnerability}}）的脆弱體質或身體素質，被極其緊張的生活事件所激活，兩者加起超過一定閾值，就會導致例如疾病的發生<ref name="Lazarus">{{cite journal|title=From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks|author=Lazarus R. S.|url=http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4660/18222_105619.pdf|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|issue=1|doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245|year=1993|volume=44|pages=1–21|pmid=8434890|access-date=2019-03-29|archive-date=2012-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021012105/http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4660/18222_105619.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。例如，這個模型可以解釋兩個人雖然面對一樣壓力，但只有其中一個會病發出[[憂鬱症]]<ref name="Sigelman3">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA Developmental psychopathology.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA |date=20200906060540 }}  ''Life-span human development'' (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>。另外，其他如焦慮和藥物濫用是可以共同發生的其他精神問題。兒童時期的創傷也與憂鬱症的嚴重程度，對治療缺乏反應和患病時間長有關。童年受創傷後更容易引發精神疾病如憂鬱症。也提出了各種[[基因]]控制易患病性<ref>{{cite web|author=Department of Health and Human Services|year=1999|month=|url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/pdfs/c2.pdf|title=The fundamentals of mental health and mental illness|work=Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General|accessdate=2008-11-11|format=PDF|archive-date=2012-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227112935/http://surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/pdfs/c2.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。不同的家庭病史也解釋了有些人會更高風險對某種疾病<ref name="Gazelle">{{cite journal|title=Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood|journal=Child Development|issue=|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00534|year=2003|volume=74|pages=257–278|author1=Gazelle H.|author2=Ladd G. W.}}</ref>。

[[精神疾患|精神心理疾病]]是由於患者體質上的某些弱點，如基因異常<ref name="Sigelman5">Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA Developmental psychopathology.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8smBuRecmDsC&pg=PT656&dq=Life-span+human+development+6th+ed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P1_HUJqFG8iy0AH5ioGoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA |date=20200906060540 }}  ''Life-span human development'' (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</ref>、腦部或身體其他系統的異常等，使其對環境壓力的承受能力降低。如果他在生活中遭遇到的壓力不高，則先天脆弱的系統還能承受；一旦在身體、親情、學業、工作或社會方面遭遇到困難與壓力，脆弱的系統就無法支撐而失能，甚至崩潰，此時精神疾病就會發作。例如，知覺失調症雖然與遺傳有密切關係，致病基因從出生後就存在，但它之所以過了[[青春期]]後才發作，可能的原因就是青春期無論在身體發育、心智負荷或人際關係上，都會出現重大的衝擊與變化，需要應付的壓力變得比從前沉重，使得帶有致病基因的個體再也無法[[因應]]，從而出現精神疾病的不適症狀。
[[File:Diathesis_stress_model_cup_analogy.svg|缩略图|290x290像素|杯子有比喻解釋即使面對同一個程度壓力，有些人本身更易受影響而發病。]]

== 引伸概念 ==
保護因子（{{Lang-en|Protective factors}}）相對於[[风险因子|危險因子]]，指一些可以抵消或減輕壓力源或疾病的作用<ref name="ACF">Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 {{Wayback|url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |date=20200619192646 }}</ref>，例如一些家長與子女間[[依附理論|依附]]、個人的性格<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{cite journal|title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants|journal=Psychological Medicine|issue=14|doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653|year=2016|volume=46|pages=2883–2906|pmid=27523506|author3=Riese, H.|author4=Ormel, J.|author1=Jeronimus B.F.|author2=Kotov, R.}}</ref><ref name="Ormel2013">{{cite journal|title=Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-psychology-review_2013-07_33_5/page/686|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003|year=2013|volume=33|pages=686–697|pmc=4382368|pmid=23702592|author3=Kotov, M.|author4=Riese, H.|author5=Bos, E.H.|author6=Hankin, B.|author1=Ormel J.|author2=Jeronimus, B.F.}}</ref>。有些疾病會有一個易發時機，有些人們在這個時段內會比其他人更易病發<ref name="Barlow">Barlow, D. H. & Durand, V. M. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yITxaqlS_yMC&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Abnormal+psychology:+An+integrative+approach&ots=OwHqAzXsvB&sig=axcuq5OQ9jOIZJNcplsKQUsiZgc Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yITxaqlS_yMC&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Abnormal+psychology:+An+integrative+approach&ots=OwHqAzXsvB&sig=axcuq5OQ9jOIZJNcplsKQUsiZgc |date=20111218143417 }}'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.</ref>。

== 參看 ==

* [[因應 (心理學)|因應]]
* [[遺傳]]

==參考文獻==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:心理學]]
[[Category:精神分裂症]]
[[Category:異常心理學]]
[[Category:心理学理论]]
[[Category:应激]]