编辑“睡眠质量”

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== 睡眠质量量表 ==
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表用来评判被试近一个月主观睡眠质量，于1989年由Buysse博士(美国匹兹堡大学医学中心精神科睡眠生物节律研究中心睡眠专家)等编制<ref name="未命名-20231105163938">{{Cite journal |last=Buysse |first=Daniel J. |last2=Reynolds |first2=Charles F. |last3=Monk |first3=Timothy H. |last4=Berman |first4=Susan R. |last5=Kupfer |first5=David J. |date=1989-05-01 |title=The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165178189900474 |journal=Psychiatry Research |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 |issn=0165-1781 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2018-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107014555/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165178189900474 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。该量表中文版被证明信效度良好 <ref>{{cite journal |last1=刘贤臣 |last2=唐茂芹 |last3=胡蕾 |last4=王爱祯 |last5=吴宏新 |last6=赵贵芳 |last7=高春霓 |last8=李万顺 |year=1996 |title=匹兹堡睡眠质量指数的信度和效度研究 |journal=中华精神科杂志 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=103-107}}</ref>。

== 睡眠质量、情绪调节与情绪性进食的关系 ==

=== 睡眠质量与情绪性进食的关系 ===
{{主条目|情绪性进食}}
通过生理激素的分泌，睡眠质量会影响[[人体激素平衡]]，从而导致各种异常进食行为。例如，[[瘦素]](Leptin)和[[食欲肽]](Orexin)都是[[下丘脑]]大量分布的[[神经肽]]，前者是是一种食欲抑制因子，[[食欲肽]]是一种食欲促进因子。[[食欲肽]]增多可促进睡眠、提升对食物的渴望；[[食欲肽]]缺失能诱发[[发作性睡病]] <ref>{{cite journal |last1=胡淼淼 |last2=林宁 |last3=曹莉 |last4=路长林 |year=2004 |title=食欲肽及其对睡眠-觉醒的调节 |journal=第二军医大学学报 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=544-546}}</ref>。[[食欲肽]][[神经元]]在[[觉醒]]与[[快波睡眠]]状态时都异常活跃，它对[[睡眠]]与[[觉醒]]有重要的调控作用 <ref>{{cite journal |last=田秀灵 |year=2003 |title=神经肽Y及其食欲促进作用 |journal=环境卫生学杂志 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=134-137}}</ref>。
然而，同样被划分为异常进食行为的[[情绪性进食]]，却并未得到研究重视。因此，本研究将探究[[睡眠质量]]与[[情绪性进食]]，而非简单的进食行为二者间的关系，并假设[[睡眠质量]]和[[情绪性进食]]之间存在相关关系。

=== 睡眠质量与情绪调节的关系 ===
{{主条目|情绪调节}}
睡眠的匮乏会影响生活中方方面面，比如工作表现、情绪甚至亲密关系<ref>{{cite book|last=Randall|first=D.K.|title=Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep|publisher=WW Norton & Company|year=2012|location=New York}}</ref>。研究发现睡眠不足会导致人类[[皮质醇]](Cortisol)水平的上升，[[皮质醇]]即常言的“压力荷尔蒙” <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrowski |first=Katja |last2=Schmalbach |first2=Bjarne |last3=Stalder |first3=Tobias |date=2020-02-01 |title=Morning and evening type: The cortisol awakening response in a sleep laboratory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453019312600 |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=112 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104519 |issn=0306-4530}}</ref>。[[皮质醇]]水平上升会显著地放大感知到的[[压力]]，让人显得情绪不稳、易怒以及易激惹(Irritable)，此外，长期[[睡眠不足]]会引起[[抑郁]]、[[焦虑]]及其他各种心理或[[情绪障碍]] <ref>{{cite journal |last1=刘政疆 |last2=周矗 |last3=薛克栋 |last4=侯月梅 |year=2011 |title=伴发抑郁、焦虑的[[心律失常]]患者[[睡眠]]与[[心律失常]]的临床分析研究 |journal=医学研究杂志 |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=98-101}}</ref>。

另外，[[睡眠剥夺]]对[[情绪]]的负面影响比对[[认知]]和[[运动]]性能的负面影响更强烈 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pilcher |first=June J. |last2=Huffcutt |first2=Allen I. |date=1996-06 |title=Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 |journal=Sleep |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 |issn=1550-9109}}</ref>。[[睡眠剥夺]]使个体的[[情绪]]和[[情绪]]的反应性降低，使个体的正性情绪体验减少，负性情绪体验增加 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Rebecca H. |last2=Miller |first2=Alison L. |last3=Seifer |first3=Ronald |last4=Cares |first4=Stephanie R. |last5=Lebourgeois |first5=Monique K. |date=2012-06 |title=Acute sleep restriction effects on emotion responses in 30- to 36-month-old children: Sleep restriction and emotion in toddlers |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |pmc=3258474 |pmid=21988087 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230656/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |dead-url=no }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paavonen |first=E. Juulia |last2=Porkka-Heiskanen |first2=Tarja |last3=Lahikainen |first3=Anja Riitta |date=2009-12-01 |title=Sleep quality, duration and behavioral symptoms among 5–6-year-old children |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0033-8 |journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s00787-009-0033-8 |issn=1435-165X}}</ref><ref name="未命名_2-20231105163938">{{Cite journal |last=Paterson |first=J. L. |last2=Dorrian |first2=J. |last3=Ferguson |first3=S. A. |last4=Jay |first4=S. M. |last5=Lamond |first5=N. |last6=Murphy |first6=P. J. |last7=Campbell |first7=S. S. |last8=Dawson |first8=D. |date=2011-01-01 |title=Changes in structural aspects of mood during 39–66h of sleep loss using matched controls |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687010000918 |journal=Applied Ergonomics |series=Special Section: Ergonomics, health and working time organization |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.014 |issn=0003-6870 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2013-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223050537/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687010000918 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。Paterson等人 <ref name="未命名_2-20231105163938"/>的研究也发现，[[睡眠剥夺]]会导致个体感受到更加强烈的负性情绪([[愤怒]]、[[抑郁]]、[[害怕]]和[[疲惫]])以及较少强度和频率的正性情绪([[幸福]]和[[活力]])。

人们普遍抱怨睡眠不足，并认为睡眠不足会降低情绪、情感的调节能力，进而对身心造成负面影响 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Johanna F. A. |last2=Popp |first2=Roland |last3=Haas |first3=Jessica |last4=Zulley |first4=Jürgen |last5=Geisler |first5=Peter |last6=Alpers |first6=Georg W. |last7=Osterheider |first7=Michael |last8=Eisenbarth |first8=Hedwig |date=2013-04-01 |title=Shortened night sleep impairs facial responsiveness to emotional stimuli |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051113000203 |journal=Biological Psychology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.008 |issn=0301-0511 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702201501/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051113000203 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，情绪调节可能在情绪体验和[[睡眠质量]]的关系中具有重要的作用，例如，Hunt <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Melissa G |date=1998-04-01 |title=The only way out is through: emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796798000175 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00017-5 |issn=0005-7967 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230658/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796798000175 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 的研究发现在令人沮丧的事件之后情绪的处理(调节)是应对烦躁的一个有效用的策略。有研究发现，[[情绪调节]]策略与[[睡眠]]之间存在一定的关系<ref>{{cite journal |last1=夏宇欣 |last2=周仁来 |last3=等 |year=2010 |title=北京市350名职业人员[[睡眠质量]]和[[情绪调节]]的[[认知策略]]调查 |journal=中华精神科杂志 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=225-229}}</ref>，[[睡眠剥夺]]影响[[大脑额前区]]的活跃水平 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnow |first=Bruce |last2=Kenardy |first2=Justin |last3=Agras |first3=W. Stewart |date=1995-07 |title=The emotional eating scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1098-108X(199507)18:13.0.CO;2-V |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199507)18:1<79::AID-EAT2260180109>3.0.CO;2-V}}</ref>，并能降低健康被试的[[情绪调节]]能力 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep Duration, Insomnia Symptoms, and Emotion Regulation among Black Women|url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/sleep-duration-insomnia-symptoms-and-emotion-regulation-among-black-2167-0277-3-122.pdf|access-date=2023-06-06|website=www.longdom.org|doi=10.4172/2167-0277.1000122|pmc=3920484|pmid=24527365|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607144521/https://www.longdom.org/open-access/sleep-duration-insomnia-symptoms-and-emotion-regulation-among-black-2167-0277-3-122.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Motomura |first=Yuki |last2=Kitamura |first2=Shingo |last3=Nakazaki |first3=Kyoko |last4=Oba |first4=Kentaro |last5=Katsunuma |first5=Ruri |last6=Katayose |first6=Yasuko |last7=Hida |first7=Akiko |last8=Moriguchi |first8=Yoshiya |last9=Higuchi |first9=Shigekazu |last10=Mishima |first10=Kazuo |date=2014-11-01 |title=Recovery from potential sleep debt via sleep extension may improve emotion regulation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876014010848 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |series=PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014 |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.892 |issn=0167-8760}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoo |first=Seung-Schik |last2=Gujar |first2=Ninad |last3=Hu |first3=Peter |last4=Jolesz |first4=Ferenc A. |last5=Walker |first5=Matthew P. |date=2007-10 |title=The human emotional brain without sleep — a prefrontal amygdala disconnect |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 |journal=Current Biology |volume=17 |issue=20 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 |issn=0960-9822}}</ref>；较差的[[睡眠质量]]与更差的使用[[认知重评]]策略调节情绪的能力呈显著相关<ref name="未命名_3-20231105163938">{{Cite journal |last=Mauss |first=Iris B. |last2=Troy |first2=Allison S. |last3=LeBourgeois |first3=Monique K. |date=2013-04 |title=Poorer sleep quality is associated with lower emotion-regulation ability in a laboratory paradigm |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |journal=Cognition & Emotion |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |issn=0269-9931 |pmc=3931554 |pmid=23025547 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125162557/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

与健康个体相比，[[失眠]]患者更倾向于采用[[表达抑制]](Cognitive Reappraisal)、少采用[[认知重评]](Expression Suppression)的[[情绪调节]]方法 <ref>{{cite thesis |last=游兰香 |title=大学生[[焦虑]]敏感、[[情绪调节]]与[[睡眠质量]]的状况及关系研究 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=福建师范大学 |year=2009}}</ref>。大学生[[认知重评]]对[[睡眠质量]]有直接的显著影响，表达抑制对睡眠质量没有显著的影响 <ref name="未命名_4-20231105163938">{{cite thesis |last=麻馨月 |title=睡眠质量对青少年情绪体验的影响: 情绪调节方式的中介作用 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=西北师范大学 |year=2016}}</ref>。由此，[[情绪调节]]可以通过对于调节策略的选择，影响个体的[[睡眠质量]]。更有研究表明，[[认知重评]]策略使用频率与[[睡眠质量]]之间呈显著正相关，用[[认知重评]]调节情绪的人更加容易有高质量睡眠，[[情绪调节]]策略的选择及使用频率对于[[睡眠质量]]有着[[预测]]作用 <ref name="未命名_4-20231105163938"/>。

=== 情绪调节与睡眠质量、情绪性进食的关系 ===
研究结果表明，[[睡眠质量]]不能通过认知睡眠质量重评情绪调节的中介作用间接预测[[情绪性进食]]。这一结果的产生原因可能源于：

[[睡眠质量]]与[[认知重评]]相关不显著。展开来说，[[睡眠]]问题也可能损害个体使用[[情绪调节]]的策略选择和能力，睡眠不足影响个体使用高级认知过程对诱发情绪的事件进行认知改变和评价<ref>{{cite thesis |last=王雪纯 |title=初中生睡眠质量对情绪记忆的影响 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=陕西师范大学 |year=2019}}</ref>。研究发现，一周内睡眠质量差的被试，在观看悲伤的电影片段后使用认知重评策略的能力较差，因为认知重评依赖于认知控制<ref name="未命名_3-20231105163938"/>。因此，在诱发情绪前提下，[[睡眠质量]]对[[认知重评]]有一定的影响。但本研究关注了日常生活状态而非情绪诱发状态下，[[睡眠质量]]与[[情绪调节]]的相关性，所以研究差异可以说明，日常生活中的[[睡眠质量]]与[[认知重评]][[情绪调节]]策略不相关。

然而，Ochsner和Gross的研究发现认知重评不论是在短期还是在长期降低负性情绪时，都表现出较好的积极效果，具有灵活性和有效性 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Ochsner|first1=K.N.|last2=Gross|first2=J.J.|title=Thinking Makes It So: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation|editor-last1=Baumeister|editor-first1=R.F.|editor-last2=Vohs|editor-first2=K.D.|booktitle=Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications|publisher=Guildford Press|year=2004|location=New York|pages=229-255}}<nowiki><ref>。而如果个体使用[[认知重评]]</nowiki>这种策略进行<nowiki>[[情绪调节]]</nowiki>，它减少了负面的认知和情绪反应 <nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Jane M. |last2=Gross |first2=James J. |date=2000-09 |title=Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410 |issn=1939-1315}}</ref>。因此在本研究中，认知重评作为一种有效的调节方式，具有积极的作用，对[[情绪性进食]]具有正向影响。

研究结果还表明，[[睡眠质量]]不能通过表达抑制[[情绪调节]]的中介作用间接预测[[情绪性进食]]。这一结果的产生原因可能源于：

日常生活中的[[睡眠质量]]与表达抑制[[情绪调节]]策略相关显著，[[睡眠质量]]对[[表达抑制]]有显著直接预测作用，大学生睡眠质量越差，使用[[表达抑制]][[情绪调节]]策略频率越高，这与前人结论一致 <ref>{{cite thesis |last=游兰香 |title=大学生焦虑敏感、情绪调节与睡眠质量的状况及关系研究 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=福建师范大学 |year=2009}}</ref>。研究结果说明，[[睡眠不足]]会导致个体产生消极情绪或行为，但这些情绪或行为难以控制或得到有效调节，更多地是通过压抑、退缩的方式任其发展，并可能影响身心健康 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMakin |first=Dana L. |last2=Dahl |first2=Ronald E. |last3=Buysse |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Cousins |first4=Jennifer C. |last5=Forbes |first5=Erika E. |last6=Silk |first6=Jennifer S. |last7=Siegle |first7=Greg J. |last8=Franzen |first8=Peter L. |date=2016-09 |title=The impact of experimental sleep restriction on affective functioning in social and nonsocial contexts among adolescents |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12568 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=57 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12568}}</ref>。

研究发现，抑制积极的表达仅会减少不良情绪或行为的主观体验 <ref name="未命名-20231105163938"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Jasmeet |last2=Morey |first2=Rajendra |last3=Petty |first3=Christopher |last4=Seth |first4=Srishti |last5=Smoski |first5=Moria |last6=Mccarthy |first6=Gregory |last7=LaBar |first7=Kevin |date=2010 |title=Staying Cool when Things Get Hot: Emotion Regulation Modulates Neural Mechanisms of Memory Encoding |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00230 |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2010.00230 |issn=1662-5161 |pmc=3015134 |pmid=21212840}}</ref>，抑制消极的表达不仅会增加消极情绪或行为的主观体验，反而会激活更大的生理反应，不利于消极行为的消退 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dan-Glauser |first=Elise S. |last2=Gross |first2=James J. |date=2011-09 |title=The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences: Temporal dynamics of emotion regulation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x |journal=Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x |pmc=3136552 |pmid=21361967 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230704/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldin |first=Philippe R. |last2=McRae |first2=Kateri |last3=Ramel |first3=Wiveka |last4=Gross |first4=James J. |date=2008-03 |title=The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 |issn=0006-3223 |pmc=2483789 |pmid=17888411}}</ref>，也不利于[[情绪性进食行为]]的降低。
最后，被试的个人特质也可能会影响[[情绪性进食]]，抑制力强大的个体不一定通过[[情绪调节]]的方式也能够很好的控制自己的进食状态。也有研究表明些经历强烈负性情绪并难以调节的个体，可能冲动性地采取行动(如暴食)来缓解情绪困扰 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schreiber |first=Liana R. N. |last2=Grant |first2=Jon E. |last3=Odlaug |first3=Brian L. |date=2012-05-01 |title=Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395612000568 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |language=en |volume=46 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005 |issn=0022-3956 |pmc=3334448 |pmid=22385661 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116150052/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395612000568 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，从而表现为[[情绪性进食]]，这一假设需要后续研究进行补充论证。

==參考文獻==
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[[Category:睡眠]]
[[Category:健康]]
[[Category:心理学]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:睡眠质量 睡眠障碍 睡眠评估 睡眠卫生 睡眠影响因素}}
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