编辑“有害的男子氣概”

'''有害的男子氣概'''（{{lang-en|toxic masculinity}}，或译为'''有毒的男子气概'''<ref>{{cite web |author1=Josh Cook |author2=郑蓉翻译 |title=有毒的男子气概是二战的后遗症吗？ |url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-18/doc-ihytcerm4482195.shtml |website=新浪网-界面新闻 |accessdate=2020-01-05 |date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=2019-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718052652/https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-18/doc-ihytcerm4482195.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>、'''有毒害的男子气概'''<ref name="刘裘蒂">{{cite web |author1=刘裘蒂 |title=从“娘炮”到“有毒害的男子气概” |url=http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001081263?archive |website=FT中文网 |accessdate=2020-01-05 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925115150/http://ftchinese.com/story/001081263?archive |dead-url=no }}</ref>）是指当今社会中对于男性社交、心理不利的一些传统观念。「有害的男子氣概」有霸主意识、贬低[[女性]]、过分自主、抑制[[感情]]几大特征。

「有害的男子氣概」的害处可分为两方面：对于[[厌女症|厌女]]、[[同性戀恐懼|恐同]]、[[暴力]]展现出的[[從眾行為]]对于社会中的他人不利，而过度自主、抑制感情则容易造成男性本身出现[[抑郁 (情绪)|抑郁]]、[[心理压力|压力]]、[[物質濫用]]等心理问题。並非所有的[[男子氣概]]都有害，诸如投身工作、擅长体育、作為家庭支柱这类的传统在適當的範圍內都不見得有害。

「有害的男子氣概」是軍隊和[[美国监禁制度|美国监狱]]潜规则的一大特征。{{tsl|en|mythopoetic men's movement|神話詩式男性運動}}另将“有害的男子氣概”这个词与其理论中在现代社会中消失的“真男子气概”相对立。

==概览==
[[File:I Won't Cry Daddy.jpg|thumb|right|許多男生在小時候就會被教導抑制自己的情绪以符合對男性的刻板印象：图中的父亲在儿子母亲过世之后，告诉他“不哭，做个勇敢的男孩子”。<ref name="Worell835">{{cite book|last1=Worell|first1=Judith|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Sifferences and the Impact of Society on Gender|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediawome00wore|date=2001|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego, California|isbn=0122272455|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediawome00wore/page/n871 835]}}</ref>]]
[[社会科学]]之所以要用到“有害的男子气概”这个词，是为了指出在传统的[[男子气概]]（男性的行为准则）观念中，有一些方面对男性、女性和整个社会不利。{{refn|name=Hess}}{{refn|name=Kaplan}}{{tsl|en|The Wright Institute|莱特学院}}心理系教授特里·库珀斯认为，“有害的男子气概”指的是“一系列拖累社会的男性特征”，这些特征鼓励“支配、贬低女性、恐同行为和无端暴力”。{{refn|name=Kupers 2005}}{{refn|name=Kupers 2010}}提出“有害的男子气概”这一概念不是为了妖魔化男性及其特征，而是为了指出男性受[[從眾行為|从众]]心理支配，做出的某些“传统男性”行为造成的伤害。{{refn|name=Hess}}{{refn|name=Kaplan}}

库珀斯称，“有害的男子气概”这个词是为了指出[[霸权男性气概]]的有害部分——厌女、恐同、贪婪、暴力稱霸。库珀斯认为，霸权男子气概的其余部分——“为体育胜利而骄傲、与朋友团结一致、在工作中取得成功、赚钱养家”——不属于“有害”的男子气概。{{refn|name=Kupers 2005}}

按心理學家{{tsl|en|Ronald F. Levant|罗纳德·F·黎凡特|罗纳德·F·黎凡特}}的说法，男性理想化的性別角色，如堅強、支配、自主和控制情緒，其[[社會化]]可追溯到婴儿時期。這些規範由父母、其他男性亲属和社区成员進行灌輸。許多媒體對男子氣概的表現亦常為“[[社群首领]]”般的性別角色之刻板印象。{{refn|name=Weir}} 

來自同齡人的[[霸凌]]與家中的[[家庭暴力]]亦為“有害的男子气概”之表現形式，其形成的[[等级制度]]對一些男性有利，但對另一些男性則造成了傷害。{{refn|name=Keith}} 

在美國監獄，監獄的男性工作者和囚犯的行為都可以反映出“有害的男子气概”。過度自主、透過暴力手段支配其它男性與避免女性化和弱勢的形象，都成為了囚犯們之間必要的{{tsl|en|coping skills|應對技巧|應對技巧}}和潜规则。{{refn|name=Kupers 2004}}{{refn|name=Kupers 2007}}而通常被定義為殘酷的[[惩罚]]、壓抑的情感、社會的孤立和侵略的監獄條件，有可能會導致男性囚犯的[[自殺]]。{{refn|name=Kupers 2004}}{{refn|name=Friedman}}

==健康影響==

堅持傳統男性文化規範，例如冒險、[[暴力]]、霸權、對工作的主導地位、對[[同性戀]]的不屑、需要控制情感、爭強好勝和追求[[社會地位]]等的男性，常常會更易遭受[[抑郁 (情绪)|抑郁]]、{{tsl|en|stress (psychology)|壓力 (心理學)|壓力}}、[[身體意象]]問題、[[物質濫用]]和弱社會功能等心理問題。{{refn|name=Wong et al.}}這些影響在一些追求自力更生、尋求超越女性的權力與性交易或“花花公子”行為等有害的男子氣概的人更為明顯。{{refn|name=Kaplan}}{{refn|name=Panko}}

自主的社会价值随着现代社会的相互依赖性越来越高而逐渐消失。{{refn|name=Weir}}而不論是自主還是還是壓抑情感表達，都會對[[心理健康]]造成負面影響，因為這會導致男性尋求心理幫助或擁有處理複雜感情的能力之可能性更低。{{refn|name=Weir}}初步研究表明，面對文化壓力而選擇隱忍和自力更生的男性，由於與醫生談論健康問題的可能性更低，他們的預期壽命亦可能縮短。{{refn|name=Horowitz}}{{refn|name=Ellis}}

有害的男子氣概亦與社會因素造成的[[公共卫生]]問題相關，有該氣概的男性患[[皮膚癌]]的機率更高，{{refn|name=Nicholas}}{{Verify source|date=May 2017}}而他們“{{tsl|en|Trophy hunting|奖品狩猎|奖品狩猎}}”般的性行為增大了[[人類免疫缺陷病毒]]和其它[[性傳染病]]的傳播風險。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muparamoto |first=Nelson |date=December 2012 |title=‘Trophy-hunting scripts’ among male university students in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nelson_Muparamoto/publication/234057289_%27Trophy-hunting_scripts%27_among_male_universitystudents_in_Zimbabwe/links/0fcfd511b8da31f16f000000/Trophy-hunting-scripts-among-male-university-students-in-Zimbabwe.pdf |journal=African Journal of AIDS Research |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=319–326 |doi=10.2989/16085906.2012.754831 |issn=1608-5906 |pmid=25860190 |access-date=2017-07-16 |archive-date=2018-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082200/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nelson_Muparamoto/publication/234057289_%27Trophy-hunting_scripts%27_among_male_universitystudents_in_Zimbabwe/links/0fcfd511b8da31f16f000000/Trophy-hunting-scripts-among-male-university-students-in-Zimbabwe.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>{{Primary source-inline|date=2017年11月}}

==男性運動==
一些與{{tsl|en|mythopoetic men's movement|神話詩式男性運動|神話詩式的男人運動}}相關的作家曾使用「有害的男子氣概」這個詞將社會對男性殘暴、好鬥、獨立與冷酷的期望與“真正的”或“深刻的”男子气概進行比較，得出真正的男人在現代社會中已不存在的結論。{{refn|name=Ferber}}{{refn|name=Longwood}}谢泼德·布利斯（{{lang|en|Shepherd Bliss}}）則提出以[[農本思想]]替代武士道德中產生的「有害的男子氣概」。{{refn|name=Hartman}}

心理医生{{tsl|en|Frank Pittman|弗兰克·皮特曼|弗兰克·皮特曼}}曾寫過關於傳統男子氣概規範對男性有哪些危害，其中就包括縮短預期壽命、受暴死亡的機率更高和易患[[肺癌]]和[[肝硬化]]等疾病。1993年，他曾表示，這些「有害的男子氣概」的發生源於一些被女性撫養長大而缺乏男性角色模範的男性。但女權主義作家{{tsl|en|John Stoltenberg|约翰·斯托尔滕贝格|约翰·斯托尔滕贝格}}則從[[男性主義|反男性主義]]的角度來研究這一问题。{{refn|name=Dowd}}

==參見==
{{Portal box|心理學|社会学|女权主义|歧视|跨性別|LGBT}}
* [[人类的性]]
* {{tsl|en|Male privilege|男性特權|男性特權}}
* [[父權]]
* {{tsl|en|Prisoner suicide|囚犯自杀|囚犯自杀}}
* [[公主病]]
* [[性別歧視主義]]
* [[大男子主义]]
* [[肯尼思·克拉特鮑#男性氣概的當代觀點|男性氣概的當代觀點]]

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}}

[[Category:男性健康]]
[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:社会学]]