编辑“抑鬱”

{{citation style|time=2017-07-05T10:45:36+00:00}}
{{not|抑郁症}}

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = 抑郁
| image         = A man diagnosed as suffering from melancholia with strong su Wellcome L0026693.jpg
| caption       = 1892年被诊断患有[[忧郁症]]且伴随强烈[[自杀]]倾向人的[[石版画]]
| alt           = 
| field         = [[精神病学]]，[[心理学]]
| symptoms      = 情绪低落，厌恶活动，失去兴趣，失去快乐的感觉
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 脑化学、遗传学、生活事件、医疗条件、个性<ref name="clevelandclinic">{{cite web|publisher=Cleveland Clinic|title=Depression|date=2022|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression|access-date=2022年6月9日|archive-date=2022年7月22日|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722215040/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| risks         = 精神健康障碍的污名化<ref name="shrivastavaA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shrivastava A, Bureau Y, Rewari N, Johnston M | title = Clinical risk of stigma and discrimination of mental illnesses: Need for objective assessment and quantification | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 178–82 | date = 2013年4月 | pmid = 23825855 | pmc = 3696244 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5545.111459 }}</ref>
| diagnosis     = {{link-en|病人健康量表|Patient Health Questionnaire}} [[贝克抑郁量表]]
| differential  = [[焦虑]]、[[双相情绪障碍症]]、[[边缘型人格障碍]]
| prevention    = 社会关系、体育活动
| treatment     = [[心理治疗]] [[精神药理学]]
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}

{{情绪侧栏}}

'''抑鬱'''或'''憂鬱'''（{{lang-en|Depression}}）是一種[[心境|情緒]]低落和[[厭惡]]活動的狀態。<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIMH » Depression Basics|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/index.shtml|access-date=2020-10-22|date=2016|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|archive-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216075248/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/index.shtml}}</ref> 在醫學上被歸類為[[精神障礙|精神]]和[[異常行為|行為]]障礙<ref>{{cite web|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf|access-date=23 June 2021|website=www.who.int [[World Health Organization]]|vauthors=Sartorius N, Henderson AS, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, Strömgren E, Glatzel J, Kühne GE, Misès R, Soldatos CR, Pull CB, Giel R, Jegede R, Malt U, Nadzharov RA, Smulevitch AB, Hagberg B, Perris C, Scharfetter C, Clare A, Cooper JE, Corbett JA, Edwards GJ, Gelder M, Goldberg D, Gossop M, Graham P, Kendell RE, Marks I, Russell G, Rutter M, Shepherd M, West DJ, Wing J, Wing L, Neki JS, Benson F, Cantwell D, Guze S, Helzer J, Holzman P, Kleinman A, Kupfer DJ, Mezzich J, Spitzer R, Lokar J|display-authors=6|author-link=Norman Sartorius|page=30-1|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323025330/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf}}</ref>，抑鬱的[[經驗|經歷]]會影響一個人的[[思想]]、[[行為]]、[[動機]]、[[感覺]]和[[幸福]]感。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review|date=October 2019|journal=Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences|issue=5|doi=10.1017/S2045796018000227|volume=28|pages=544–562|pmc=7032752|pmid=29769159|vauthors=de Zwart PL, Jeronimus BF, de Jonge P|doi-access=free}}</ref> 據稱抑鬱的核心症狀是[[失樂]]，指的是對某些通常給人們帶來快樂的活動失去興趣或失去愉悅感。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Psychotherapy and counselling for depression|url=https://archive.org/details/psychotherapycou0000gilb|vauthors=Gilbert P|date=2007|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1849203494|edition=3rd|location=Los Angeles|oclc=436076587}}</ref> 抑鬱情緒是某些[[情緒障礙]]的症狀，如[[重度抑鬱症]]或[[持续性抑郁症|持續性憂鬱症]]<ref name="DSM-5(2013)2">{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref>；它是對生活事件的正常暫時反應，如失去親人； 它也是一些身體疾病的症狀，也是一些藥物和醫療的[[副作用]]。 它可能表現為[[悲傷]]、難以[[思考]]和集中[[注意力]]，[[食慾]]和[[睡眠]]時間顯著增加或減少。患有抑鬱的人可能會感到沮喪、絕望、無助<ref>{{cite web|title=Irritability, Anger Indicators of Complex, Severe JENNYTAN1018THDepression|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810872|access-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121022811/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810872|archive-date=2021-01-21|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Depression (major depressive disorder)|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/symptoms/con-20032977|access-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605070307/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/symptoms/con-20032977|archive-date=2017-06-05|dead-url=no|quote=Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters}}</ref>和有自殺念頭。<ref>{{cite web|title=NIMH · Depression|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml|access-date=2017-05-19|work=nimh.nih.gov|agency=National Institute of Mental Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611091923/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml|archive-date=2013-06-11|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 它可以是短期的，也可以是長期的情緒狀態。

==干预==

抑郁可能是对创伤性事件的正常反应，也可能由生理疾病或药物副作用引起，不一定需要针对性的医疗干预。长期持续的抑郁情绪则可能属于情感障碍，经诊断后可以通过治疗缓解。为均衡使用药物的风险和收益，不应对短期的抑郁情绪随意使用抗抑郁药。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Key priorities for implementation {{!}} Depression in adults: recognition and management {{!}} Guidance {{!}} NICE|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/chapter/key-priorities-for-implementation|work=www.nice.org.uk|accessdate=2019-03-19|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135808/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/chapter/Key-priorities-for-implementation|dead-url=no}}</ref>

体育运动有防止抑郁的效果。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Physical Activity and Incident Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194|last=Schuch|first=Felipe B.|last2=Vancampfort|first2=Davy|date=2018-7|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|issue=7|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194|volume=175|pages=631–648|language=en|issn=0002-953X|last3=Firth|first3=Joseph|last4=Rosenbaum|first4=Simon|last5=Ward|first5=Philip B.|last6=Silva|first6=Edson S.|last7=Hallgren|first7=Mats|last8=Ponce De Leon|first8=Antonio|last9=Dunn|first9=Andrea L.|access-date=2019-03-19|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301155933/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== 參見 ==

* [[重度抑郁症|重度抑鬱症]]

== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== 来源 ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{vcite book |title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |author=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000a |ISBN = 0890420254 |ref= CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2000a }}
{{refend}}

{{-}}
{{情緒}}
{{Mood disorders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Depression}}
[[Category:各类情绪]]
[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:异常心理学]]
[[Category:认知、感知、情绪状态及行为]]
[[Category:抑鬱]]
[[Category:精神诊断]]
[[Category:情绪紊乱]]


[[it:depressione (malattia)]]
[[tl:Panlulumo]]
[[tr:Depresyon]]