编辑“战斗或逃跑反应”

{{medical}}[[File:Dog and cat showing fight or flight responses.jpg|链接=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dog and cat showing fight or flight responses.jpg|缩略图|一對[[狗]]和[[貓]]表現出該現象。|241x241像素]]
'''战斗或逃跑反应'''（英語：Fight-or-flight response 或 fight-or-flight-or-freeze、fight-flight response、hyperarousal、acute stress response 等），或稱'''战或逃反应'''等，是一種[[生理]]反應，是對[[感知]]到的有害事件、[[攻擊]]或[[生存]]威脅做出的反應。<ref name="Cannon - Fight or Flight Response">{{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Walter|title=Wisdom of the Body|year=1932|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=United States|isbn=978-0393002058}}</ref> [[沃爾特·布拉德福·坎農|沃爾特·布拉德福德·坎農]] (Walter Bradford Cannon) 是最初以學術方法闡述這個現象的學者（之一）。{{efn|坎農在其著作''Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage''（1915年，第一版）頁211 提到了“戰鬥或逃跑的必需品”（"the necessities of fighting or flight"）。}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage|author=[[Walter Bradford Cannon]]|publisher=[[Appleton-Century-Crofts]]|year=1915|location=New York|pages=211}}</ref> 他的理論指出，動物對威脅的反應是[[交感神經]]系統全面放電，為戰鬥或逃跑做好準備。<ref name="Jansen - Intro fight or flight physiology">{{cite journal|title=Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response|last=Jansen|first=A|date=27 October 1995|journal=Science Magazine|issue=270|doi=10.1126/science.270.5236.644|volume=5236|pages=644–6|bibcode=1995Sci...270..644J|pmid=7570024|author3=Karpitsky, V|author4=Mettenleiter, M|author2=Nguyen, X|s2cid=38807605}}</ref> 更具體地說，腎上腺髓質（英語：Adrenal medulla）產生激素級聯反應（英語：hormonal cascade），導致[[兒茶酚胺]]分泌，尤其是[[去甲腎上腺素]]和[[腎上腺素]]。<ref>{{cite book|author=Walter Bradford Cannon|title=Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement|year=1915|publisher=[[Appleton-Century-Crofts]]}}</ref> 激素[[雌激素]]、[[睾酮]]和[[皮質醇]]，以及神經遞質[[多巴胺]]和[[血清素]]，也會影響生物體對[[壓力 (醫學)|壓力]]的反應。<ref>{{cite news|title=Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/19/adrenaline-cortisol-stress-hormones_n_3112800.html|access-date=16 August 2014|work=Huffington Post|date=April 19, 2014|archive-date=2014-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806153323/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/19/adrenaline-cortisol-stress-hormones_n_3112800.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 激素[[骨鈣素]]也可能起作用。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fight-or-flight-may-be-in-our-bones/|access-date=2020-06-22|last=Kwon|first=Diana|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221112846/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fight-or-flight-may-be-in-our-bones/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-09-bone-adrenaline-flight-response.html|access-date=2020-06-22|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221112840/https://phys.org/news/2019-09-bone-adrenaline-flight-response.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

這種反應被認為是調節[[脊椎動物]]和其他[[生物]]體之間壓力反應的一般適應綜合徵（英語：General adaptation syndrome）的第一階段。<ref name="Pathology - Theory Medical Student's Library">{{cite book|last=Gozhenko|first=A|title=PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library|year=2009|publisher=Radom|pages=270–275|author2=Gurkalova, I.P.|author3=Zukow, W|author4=Kwasnik, Z}}</ref>

== 概述 ==
这种应激反应的中心位于[[丘脑]]下部，包括了许多种情绪反应。丘脑下部有时被视作应激中心，因为其在紧急事件中具备双重功能：对于[[自主神经系统]]（ANS）的控制，以及对[[垂體|垂体腺]]的控制<ref>《心理学与生活》（Psychology and life），Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo，ISBN 9787115111302，人民邮电出版社，2003-10，P363</ref>。

两性在“战斗或逃跑反应”中表现有差异：较之女性，男性更倾向于“战斗”反应；较之男性，女性更倾向于“逃跑”反应，或寻求他人帮助，或化解当前危险——“{{ill|结盟与友好|en|Tend_and_befriend}}”。尤其是身为母亲的女性，面临紧张情况时，会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。<ref> Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."</ref>

== 註腳 ==
{{notelist}}

==参考文献==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<div class="references-small">{{Wikibooks|超普通心理学/壓力與健康#一般適應症候群理論(general_adaptation_syndrome，GAS)}}<references></references>
</div>


[[Category:应激]]
[[Category:二分法]]
[[Category:神经系统]]
[[Category:交感神经系统]]
[[Category:攻擊性]]
[[Category:恐懼]]
[[Category:心理學理論]]
[[Category:心理學]]
[[Category:生理學]]