编辑“情绪调节”

{{merge to|情緒自我調節}}'''情绪调节'''就是于情绪反应过程中，对个人体验何种[[情绪]]，以及采取何种方式体验抒发[[情绪]]产生影响的过程<ref name="未命名-20231105163942">{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=James J. |date=1998-09 |title=The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 |journal=Review of General Psychology |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 |issn=1089-2680 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606234126/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 |dead-url=no }}</ref> <ref name="未命名-20231105163942"/>。在情绪发生的整个过程中，个体进行情绪调节的策略有很多，其中包括[[情景选择]](Situation Selection)，[[情景修正]](Situation Modification)，[[注意分配]](Attentional Deployment)，[[认知重评]](Cognitive Reappraisal)和[[表达抑制]](Expression Suppression) <ref name="未命名-20231105163942"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=James J. |date=1998 |title=Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 |issn=1939-1315}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=James J. |date=2002-05 |title=Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1017/S0048577201393198 |journal=Psychophysiology |volume=39 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/S0048577201393198}}</ref>。于众多情绪调节策略中[[认知重评]]和[[表达抑制]]是较高频使用来降低[[情绪反应]]的两个策略。
== 情绪调节策略 ==
Gross认为，在情绪发生的过程中可供使用的调节策略有很多，但使用频率最高和最有效的策略有两种[[认知重评]](Cognitive Reappraisal)和[[表达抑制]](Expression Suppression)。
=== 认知重评 ===
[[认知重评]]属于先行关注的情绪调节策略，它指对认知的改变，改变对引起情绪的事件的看法和理解方式，从新认识情绪事件，改变情绪事件可能会给个人带来的情绪性影响及意义的认识，即重新解读或重新构建情感事件以降低负面影响的过程；表达抑制属于反应关注的情绪调节策略，是反应调整的一种，指对可能将要发生或正在发生的情绪表达行为进行抑制 <ref name="未命名_2-20231105163942">{{Cite journal |last=OCHSNER |first=K |last2=GROSS |first2=J |date=2005-05 |title=The cognitive control of emotion |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 |issn=1364-6613}}</ref>。

=== 表达抑制 ===
一种隐藏愤怒表达的方式，比如面部或口头表情，或努力降低愤怒的内在体验(Dunn, Billotti, & Murphy et al., 2009)。但是这种策略常被认为发生在情绪产生之后，与认知重评不同，这种策略虽然可能会减少情绪的外部表达，降低情感事件的损伤，但并不能降低主观的情绪体验。抑制可能会对健康造成负面的影响，血液压力升高、心血管反应性升高

=== 情景选择 ===

=== 注意分配 ===

== 情绪调节与睡眠质量的关系 ==
{{主条目|睡眠质量}}
睡眠的匮乏会影响生活中方方面面，比如工作表现、情绪甚至亲密关系<ref>{{cite book|last=Randall|first=D.K.|title=Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamlandadventu0000rand_h1j9|publisher=WW Norton & Company|year=2012|location=New York}}</ref>。研究发现睡眠不足会导致人类[[皮质醇]](Cortisol)水平的上升，[[皮质醇]]即常言的“压力荷尔蒙” <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrowski |first=Katja |last2=Schmalbach |first2=Bjarne |last3=Stalder |first3=Tobias |date=2020-02-01 |title=Morning and evening type: The cortisol awakening response in a sleep laboratory |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453019312600 |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=112 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104519 |issn=0306-4530}}</ref>。[[皮质醇]]水平上升会显著地放大感知到的[[压力]]，让人显得情绪不稳、易怒以及易激惹(Irritable)，此外，长期[[睡眠不足]]会引起[[抑郁]]、[[焦虑]]及其他各种心理或[[情绪障碍]] <ref>{{cite journal |last1=刘政疆 |last2=周矗 |last3=薛克栋 |last4=侯月梅 |year=2011 |title=伴发抑郁、焦虑的[[心律失常]]患者[[睡眠]]与[[心律失常]]的临床分析研究 |journal=医学研究杂志 |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=98-101}}</ref>。

另外，[[睡眠剥夺]]对[[情绪]]的负面影响比对[[认知]]和[[运动]]性能的负面影响更强烈 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pilcher |first=June J. |last2=Huffcutt |first2=Allen I. |date=1996-06 |title=Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 |journal=Sleep |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 |issn=1550-9109}}</ref>。[[睡眠剥夺]]使个体的[[情绪]]和[[情绪]]的反应性降低，使个体的正性情绪体验减少，负性情绪体验增加 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Rebecca H. |last2=Miller |first2=Alison L. |last3=Seifer |first3=Ronald |last4=Cares |first4=Stephanie R. |last5=Lebourgeois |first5=Monique K. |date=2012-06 |title=Acute sleep restriction effects on emotion responses in 30- to 36-month-old children: Sleep restriction and emotion in toddlers |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |pmc=3258474 |pmid=21988087 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230656/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x |dead-url=no }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paavonen |first=E. Juulia |last2=Porkka-Heiskanen |first2=Tarja |last3=Lahikainen |first3=Anja Riitta |date=2009-12-01 |title=Sleep quality, duration and behavioral symptoms among 5–6-year-old children |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0033-8 |journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s00787-009-0033-8 |issn=1435-165X}}</ref><ref name="未命名_3-20231105163942">{{Cite journal |last=Paterson |first=J. L. |last2=Dorrian |first2=J. |last3=Ferguson |first3=S. A. |last4=Jay |first4=S. M. |last5=Lamond |first5=N. |last6=Murphy |first6=P. J. |last7=Campbell |first7=S. S. |last8=Dawson |first8=D. |date=2011-01-01 |title=Changes in structural aspects of mood during 39–66h of sleep loss using matched controls |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687010000918 |journal=Applied Ergonomics |series=Special Section: Ergonomics, health and working time organization |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.014 |issn=0003-6870 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2013-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223050537/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687010000918 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。Paterson等人 <ref name="未命名_3-20231105163942"/>的研究也发现，[[睡眠剥夺]]会导致个体感受到更加强烈的负性情绪([[愤怒]]、[[抑郁]]、[[害怕]]和[[疲惫]])以及较少强度和频率的正性情绪([[幸福]]和[[活力]])。

人们普遍抱怨睡眠不足，并认为睡眠不足会降低情绪、情感的调节能力，进而对身心造成负面影响 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Johanna F. A. |last2=Popp |first2=Roland |last3=Haas |first3=Jessica |last4=Zulley |first4=Jürgen |last5=Geisler |first5=Peter |last6=Alpers |first6=Georg W. |last7=Osterheider |first7=Michael |last8=Eisenbarth |first8=Hedwig |date=2013-04-01 |title=Shortened night sleep impairs facial responsiveness to emotional stimuli |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051113000203 |journal=Biological Psychology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.008 |issn=0301-0511 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702201501/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051113000203 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，情绪调节可能在情绪体验和[[睡眠质量]]的关系中具有重要的作用，例如，Hunt <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Melissa G |date=1998-04-01 |title=The only way out is through: emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796798000175 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00017-5 |issn=0005-7967 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230658/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796798000175 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 的研究发现在令人沮丧的事件之后情绪的处理(调节)是应对烦躁的一个有效用的策略。有研究发现，[[情绪调节]]策略与[[睡眠]]之间存在一定的关系<ref>{{cite journal |last1=夏宇欣 |last2=周仁来 |last3=等 |year=2010 |title=北京市350名职业人员[[睡眠质量]]和[[情绪调节]]的[[认知策略]]调查 |journal=中华精神科杂志 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=225-229}}</ref>，[[睡眠剥夺]]影响[[大脑额前区]]的活跃水平 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnow |first=Bruce |last2=Kenardy |first2=Justin |last3=Agras |first3=W. Stewart |date=1995-07 |title=The emotional eating scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1098-108X(199507)18:13.0.CO;2-V |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199507)18:1<79::AID-EAT2260180109>3.0.CO;2-V}}</ref>，并能降低健康被试的[[情绪调节]]能力 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep Duration, Insomnia Symptoms, and Emotion Regulation among Black Women|url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/sleep-duration-insomnia-symptoms-and-emotion-regulation-among-black-2167-0277-3-122.pdf|access-date=2023-06-06|website=www.longdom.org|doi=10.4172/2167-0277.1000122|pmc=3920484|pmid=24527365|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607144521/https://www.longdom.org/open-access/sleep-duration-insomnia-symptoms-and-emotion-regulation-among-black-2167-0277-3-122.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Motomura |first=Yuki |last2=Kitamura |first2=Shingo |last3=Nakazaki |first3=Kyoko |last4=Oba |first4=Kentaro |last5=Katsunuma |first5=Ruri |last6=Katayose |first6=Yasuko |last7=Hida |first7=Akiko |last8=Moriguchi |first8=Yoshiya |last9=Higuchi |first9=Shigekazu |last10=Mishima |first10=Kazuo |date=2014-11-01 |title=Recovery from potential sleep debt via sleep extension may improve emotion regulation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876014010848 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |series=PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17th World Congress of Psychophysiology (IOP2014) of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (IOP) Hiroshima, Japan, September 23rd to 27th, 2014 |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.892 |issn=0167-8760}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoo |first=Seung-Schik |last2=Gujar |first2=Ninad |last3=Hu |first3=Peter |last4=Jolesz |first4=Ferenc A. |last5=Walker |first5=Matthew P. |date=2007-10 |title=The human emotional brain without sleep — a prefrontal amygdala disconnect |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 |journal=Current Biology |volume=17 |issue=20 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 |issn=0960-9822}}</ref>；较差的[[睡眠质量]]与更差的使用[[认知重评]]策略调节情绪的能力呈显著相关<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mauss |first=Iris B. |last2=Troy |first2=Allison S. |last3=LeBourgeois |first3=Monique K. |date=2013-04 |title=Poorer sleep quality is associated with lower emotion-regulation ability in a laboratory paradigm |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |journal=Cognition & Emotion |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |issn=0269-9931 |pmc=3931554 |pmid=23025547 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125162557/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

与健康个体相比，[[失眠]]患者更倾向于采用[[表达抑制]](Cognitive Reappraisal)、少采用[[认知重评]](Expression Suppression)的[[情绪调节]]方法 <ref>{{cite thesis |last=游兰香 |title=大学生[[焦虑]]敏感、[[情绪调节]]与[[睡眠质量]]的状况及关系研究 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=福建师范大学 |year=2009}}</ref>。大学生[[认知重评]]对[[睡眠质量]]有直接的显著影响，表达抑制对睡眠质量没有显著的影响 <ref name="未命名_4-20231105163942">{{cite thesis |last=麻馨月 |title=睡眠质量对青少年情绪体验的影响: 情绪调节方式的中介作用 |type=硕士学位论文 |publisher=西北师范大学 |year=2016}}</ref>。由此，[[情绪调节]]可以通过对于调节策略的选择，影响个体的[[睡眠质量]]。更有研究表明，[[认知重评]]策略使用频率与[[睡眠质量]]之间呈显著正相关，用[[认知重评]]调节情绪的人更加容易有高质量睡眠，[[情绪调节]]策略的选择及使用频率对于[[睡眠质量]]有着[[预测]]作用 <ref name="未命名_4-20231105163942"/>。

== 情绪调节与情绪性进食的关系 ==
{{主条目|情绪性进食}}
Gross提出的[[情绪调节过程模型]]认为，[[情绪调节]]发生在情绪产生的过程之中，不同的[[情绪调节]]策略分别在情绪发生发展的不同阶段起作用 <ref name="未命名-20231105163942"/>。Gratz认为[[情绪调节]]包括对[[情绪]]的认识和理解，[[情绪]]的接受，完成以[[目标]]为导向行为的能力，避免[[冲动]]行为，消极情绪体验，及其获得有效的[[情绪调节]]策略 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gratz |first=Kim L. |last2=Roemer |first2=Lizabeth |date=2004-03-01 |title=Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |doi=10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 |issn=1573-3505}}</ref>。

尽管目前对[[情绪调节]]的定义存在差异，但研究者们普遍认为，[[情绪调节]](Emotion Regulation)是指个体对情绪的发生、体验与表达施加影响的过程 <ref name="未命名_2-20231105163942"/>。

Evers等人检验[[情绪调节]]策略以及[[情绪性进食]]关系，在分析了[[无饮食失调症]]与正常体重女性的情绪化饮食情况之后，结果发现，情绪化经历不会提高食物摄入量，然而使用[[情绪调节]]策略反而能够降低饮食行为产生；研究还发现，当与采取[[认知重评]]调节情绪的个体比较时，采取[[表达抑制]]的个人会摄取更多食物 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evers |first=Catharine |last2=Marijn Stok |first2=F. |last3=de Ridder |first3=Denise T. D. |date=2010-06 |title=Feeding Your Feelings: Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Eating |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167210371383 |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |doi=10.1177/0146167210371383 |issn=0146-1672 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416143955/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167210371383 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
综上所述，由于[[睡眠质量]]会影响[[情绪调节]]能力，个体[[情绪调节]]能力差异会影响个体进食行为从而导致[[情绪性进食]]，[[睡眠质量]]会影响[[人体激素平衡]]从而导致各种异常进食行为。故本研究的最终假设为，[[睡眠质量]]与[[情绪性进食]]之间存在直接作用，[[情绪调节]]在两者间起中介作用。

== 参考资料 ==
<references />
[[Category:情绪]]
[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:认知科学]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:情绪调节 情绪 调节 心理学 认知科学}}
__INDEX__