编辑“心理壓力”

{{Expand language|1=en|time=2021-06-27T13:00:51+00:00}}
在[[心理學]]中，'''壓力'''（{{lang-en|stress}}）是一種[[情緒]]緊張與受壓迫的[[感覺]]。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/stress|title=Stress|date=2013-11-18|work=Mental Health America|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182244/http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/stress|dead-url=no}}</ref> 壓力是一種心理性[[疼痛]]（{{lang|en|psychological pain}}）。少量的壓力可能是有益的，例如它可以提高運動表現、[[動機]]和對環境的反應。然而，過度的壓力會增加[[中風]]、[[心臟病]]發作、[[潰瘍]]和精神疾病（如[[抑鬱症]]）的風險<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sapolsky|first1=Robert M.|author-link=Robert Sapolsky|title=Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers|url=https://archive.org/details/whyzebrasdontget0003edsapo|date=2004|publisher=St. Martins Press|location=175 Fifth Ave, New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-8050-7369-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyzebrasdontget0003edsapo/page/37 37], 71, 92, 271}}</ref>，也會使原有疾病惡化。

==成因==
壓力可以是來自外部且與環境相關<ref>Fiona Jones, Jim Bright, Angela Clow, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QGsX-N28wjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=%22Stress%22&as_brr=3&hl=bg&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false Stress: myth, theory, and research] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508120314/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGsX-N28wjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=%22Stress%22&as_brr=3&hl=bg&pg=PA4|date=2018-05-08}}'', Pearson Education, 2001, p.4</ref>，但也可能起自內部[[感知]]，造成個體經驗到[[焦慮]]，或其他與（當下）情境有關的負面情緒，如壓迫感、不[[舒適|舒服]]等被當事人認為在當下帶來壓力的感覺。

==類型==
漢斯·謝耶（{{lang|en|Hans Selye}}）在1974年提出了四種壓力變化的概念。<ref name="Selye">{{cite book|last=Selye|first=Hans|title=Stress without distress|url=https://archive.org/details/stresswithoutdis00sely|url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia|page=[https://archive.org/details/stresswithoutdis00sely/page/171 171]|isbn=9780397010264}}</ref> 在一個（抽象的，表示漸變程度的）[[軸]]上，他定位了良好的壓力（{{lang|en|eustress}}）和不良的壓力（[[苦惱 (醫學)|苦惱]]）。另一方面是壓力過大（{{lang|en|hyperstress}}）和壓力不足（{{lang|en|hypostress}}）。 謝耶提倡平衡這些情況：最終目標是（完美地）平衡，並儘可能多一些{{lang|en|eustress}}。<ref name="Selye 1983">{{cite book|last=Selye|first=Hans|date=1983|title=Stress Research Issues for the Eighties|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/stressresearchis00cooprich|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter=The Stress Concept: Past, Present and Future|editor-last=Cooper|editor-first=C. L.|location=New York, NY|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stressresearchis00cooprich/page/1 1–20]|isbn=9780471102465}}</ref>  “{{lang|en|eustress}}”一詞來自[[希臘語]][[詞根]]eu-，意思是“好”（如“欣快感”）。<ref name="Selye 1975">{{cite journal|title=Implications of Stress Concept|last=Selye|first=Hans|date=1975|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine|issue=12|volume=75|pages=2139–2145|pmid=1059917}}</ref> 當一個人認為壓力源（{{lang|en|stressor}}）是有助益的時候，就會產生{{lang|en|eustress}}。<ref name="Fevre2">{{cite journal|title=Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first?|last=Fevre|first=Mark Le|date=1 January 2006|journal=Journal of Managerial Psychology|issue=6|doi=10.1108/02683940610684391|volume=21|pages=547–565|author3=Matheny, Jonathan|author2=Kolt, Gregory S.}}</ref> “{{lang|en|Distress}}”源於[[拉丁語]]詞根dis-。<ref name="Selye 1975">{{cite journal|title=Implications of Stress Concept|last=Selye|first=Hans|date=1975|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine|issue=12|volume=75|pages=2139–2145|pmid=1059917}}</ref>

根據[[醫學]]上的定義，此類痛苦會影響[[生活品質]]。當一個人的能力無法滿足自身需求時，就會發生這種情況。<ref name="Fevre">{{cite journal|title=Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first?|last=Fevre|first=Mark Le|date=1 January 2006|journal=Journal of Managerial Psychology|issue=6|doi=10.1108/02683940610684391|volume=21|pages=547–565|author3=Matheny, Jonathan|author2=Kolt, Gregory S.}}</ref> 壓力可能還會導致[[頭痛]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Advances in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache: From stress to central sensitization|last=Chen|first=Yaniv|date=2009|journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports|issue=6|doi=10.1007/s11916-009-0078-x|volume=13|pages=484–494|issn=1531-3433|pmid=19889292|s2cid=36447117}}</ref>

== 參考資料 ==
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{{Psychophysiology}}

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[[Category:應激]]
[[Category:心理內容]]
[[Category:心理學]]
[[Category:心理健康]]