编辑“弗林效应”

{{Expand English|Flynn effect}}
'''弗林效应'''（{{lang-en|Flynn effect}}）指[[智商]]测试的结果逐年增加的现象。

弗林效应是以{{le|詹姆斯·弗林 (學者)|James Flynn (academic)|詹姆斯·弗林}}命名的。最早提出這現象的人是{{le|理查德·林恩|Richard Lynn}}。在1982年的一期《[[自然]]》內，他提出[[美國]]人[[智力測驗]]的成績越來越好。弗林在1984年和1987年指出，這個現象具長期性、明顯、在不少[[發達國家]]也有。<ref>Flynn, J. R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.</ref><ref>Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.</ref>但據挪威研究人員的研究，從1975年出生的挪威男子，IQ得分下降。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=56873|title=为什么年轻一代的 IQ 得分在下降|accessdate=2018-07-13|author=|date=|work=www.solidot.org|publisher=|archive-date=2018-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713073417/https://www.solidot.org/story?sid=56873|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==可能原因==
* [[生物學]]因素：
**近親通婚減少。（[[雜種優勢]]）
** [[營養]]更佳。
**人類的[[顱頂]]增大<ref>"<cite>Changes in vault dimensions must occur by early childhood because of the early development of the vault.</cite>" [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/71007970/ABSTRACT Secular change in craniofacial morphology] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121216143224/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/71007970/ABSTRACT |date=2012-12-16 }}
"<cite>During the 125 years under consideration, cranial vaults have become markedly higher, somewhat narrower, with narrower faces. The changes in cranial morphology are probably in large part due to changes in growth at the cranial base due to improved environmental conditions. The changes are likely a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes over this period.</cite>" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11451056&dopt=Abstract Cranial change in Americans: 1850-1975.]</ref>。
* [[社會學]]因素：
**較多人得到[[教育]]。<ref name="Neisser97">[http://cranepsych.com/Psych/Rising_Scores_on_IQ_tests.pdf Rising Scores on Intelligence Test] {{Wayback|url=http://cranepsych.com/Psych/Rising_Scores_on_IQ_tests.pdf |date=20070619194149 }} Neisser, U. (1997). American Scientist, 85, 440-447.</ref>
** [[社會]]複雜度提高：當社會更複雜，人們接受的刺激較多。<ref>Mingroni, M.A. (2004). "The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look". Intelligence 32: 65–83. </ref>
*人們更熟習[[選擇題]]。<ref>(Ulric Neisser et al 1998) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JRScT..30..709H] {{Wayback|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JRScT..30..709H |date=20070327200133 }}</ref>
*如果[[受試者]]曾經做過類似的題目，第二次得的分數平均會高5或6點。不過，這個因素影響的程度始終是有上限的。<ref name="Neisser97"/>
*電視、電腦、智慧型手機及圖形使用者界面普及，人們在操作電腦及智慧型手機的過程中，更熟悉智商測驗的部分題目。

==参考==
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[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:未來學]]