编辑“工作记忆”

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'''工作記憶'''（英語：Working memory）是一種[[記憶]]容量有限的[[認知]]系統，被用以暫時保存資訊。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Models of working memory. Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control|editor1=Miyake, A.|editor2=Shah, P.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-521-58325-X}}</ref> 工作記憶對於[[推理]]以及指導[[決策]]和[[行為]]有重要影響。<ref name="Executive functions2">{{cite journal|title=Executive functions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/135|author=Diamond A|journal=Annu Rev Psychol|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750|year=2013|volume=64|pages=135–168|pmc=4084861|pmid=23020641|quote=WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D’Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.<br /><br />WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.}}</ref><ref name="NHM-Cognitive Control">{{cite book|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2009|isbn=978-0-07-148127-4|veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=313–321|chapter=Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control|quote={{bull}} Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.<br />{{bull}} Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior.&nbsp;...<br /> working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings&nbsp;... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression).&nbsp;... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.}}</ref> 工作記憶通常與[[短期記憶]]同義使用，但一些理論家認為兩種形式的記憶是不同的，假設工作記憶允許對存儲的[[資訊]]進行操作，而短期記憶僅指資訊的短期存儲。<ref name="Executive functions2">{{cite journal|title=Executive functions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/135|author=Diamond A|journal=Annu Rev Psychol|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750|year=2013|volume=64|pages=135–168|pmc=4084861|pmid=23020641|quote=WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D’Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.<br /><br />WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.}}</ref><ref name="Cowan2">{{Cite book|title=What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?|author=Cowan, Nelson|journal=Prog. Brain Res.|year=2008|issue=169|pages=323–338|pmid=18394484|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9|pmc=2657600|volume=169|series=Progress in Brain Research|isbn=978-0-444-53164-3}}</ref> 工作記憶是[[認知心理學]]、[[神經心理學]]和[[神經科學]]的核心理論概念。

工作記憶是記憶的一部分。它會在短時間內存儲記錄的資訊，以便將此資訊包含在[[長期記憶]]中或與之進行[[比較]]。這個術語和理解是由Alan Baddeley於1968年提出的。

工作記憶由三個子結構組成：語音循環、視覺空間寫生板和中央執行系統<ref name="dorsch">Seitz, D. (2021, February 04). Arbeitsgedächtnis. In Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie. Abgerufen auf https://dorsch.hogrefe.com/stichwort/arbeitsgedaechtnis {{Wayback|url=https://dorsch.hogrefe.com/stichwort/arbeitsgedaechtnis |date=20211222083650 }}</ref>（參見[[巴德利工作記憶模型]]）。

然而，記憶容量被限制在大約七個資訊單位/分塊（參見[[神奇的數字：7±2|米勒數]]）。

== 圖解 ==
{{記憶系統}}

==參見==

*{{le|多重儲存模型|Atkinson–Shiffrin_memory_model}}
*[[巴德利工作記憶模型]]
*[[感觉记忆]]
*[[短期记忆]]
*[[长期记忆]]

== 参考来源==
{{reflist|2}}
{{记忆}}

[[Category:认知心理学]]
[[Category:记忆]]
[[Category:心理学]]