编辑“創造性想像”

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'''创造性想像'''（{{lang-en|Creative visualization}}），是有目的地产生视觉心像的[[認知]]过程 。無論是否睜開眼睛，<ref>Isaac, A. R., and Marks, D. F. (1994). Individual differences in mental imagery experience: Developmental changes and specialization. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 85, 1994, pp479–500.</ref><ref>McKelvie, S. J. (1995). The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery vividness: A critical quantitative review and plea for direction. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 19, Nos. 3-4,1995, pp1–106.</ref>人們都可以模擬或重建[[视知觉|视知覺]] ，<ref name="#1">McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2007, pp191–211.</ref>維持、檢閱和轉換這些[[心像]]，改变相关的[[情绪]]或感受，<ref name="#2">Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., and Kozak, M. J., Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 3,1983, pp276–306.</ref><ref name="#3">Holmes, E. A., Coughtrey, A. E., and Connor, A., Looking at or through rose-tinted glasses? Imagery perspective and positive mood. Emotion, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2008, pp875–879.</ref><ref>Holmes, E. A., and Mathews, A., Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp349–362.</ref>目的是為了体验随后有益的生理、心理或[[社会关系|社会]]效果，例如加速身体伤口愈合，<ref>Wientjes, K. A., Mind-body techniques in wound healing. Ostomy/wound management, Vol 48, 11, 2002, pp62-67.</ref>尽量减少[[疼痛|身体痛苦]] ， 缓解包括[[焦慮|焦虑]]、[[悲傷|悲伤]]、[[抑鬱|低落情绪]]的心理痛苦 ，<ref>Margolin, I., Pierce, J., and Wiley, A. (2011). Wellness Through a Creative Lens: Mediation and Visualization. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 2011, Vol 30, No. 3, pp234-252.</ref>改善[[自尊]]或[[自信|自信心]]，<ref>Rees, B. L., An exploratory study of the effectiveness of a relaxation with guided imagery protocol. Journal of Holistic Nursing, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1993, pp271-276.</ref>加強[[社会关系|与他人互动]]时的[[因應 (心理學)|应对]]能力。<ref>the Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., and Mathews, A., Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: Support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, Vol. 37, 2006, No. 3, pp223–236.</ref><ref>Libby, L. K., Valenti, G., Pfent, A., and Eibach, R. P., Seeing failure in your life: Imagery perspective determines whether self-esteem shapes reactions to recalled and imagined failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 101, No. 6, 2011, pp1157– 1173.</ref>

== 心灵之眼 ==
“心灵之眼”至少可以追溯到[[西塞罗]]的讨论，他在讨论恰当的演说時的[[明喻]]用法时，提及這個概念。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XCU9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Cicero, ''De Oratore'', Liber III: XLI: 163. |accessdate=2019-08-12 |archive-date=2020-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102105541/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XCU9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref> 

在这次讨论中，西塞罗观察到「他遗产中的[[加貝斯灣]] 」和「他所擁有的[[卡律布狄斯]]」涉及「过于牵强 」的明喻；而他建议演说者只要分别说「海湾」和「岩石」，理由是“心灵之眼更容易指向我们所看到的那些物体，而不是那些我们只听过的人。」<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ciceroonoratorya00ciceuoft#page/239/mode/1upWatson, J.S. (trans. and ed.), ''Cicero on Oratory and Orators'', Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239.]</ref> 

“心灵之眼”的概念首先出现在[[杰弗里·乔叟]]的「法律之人」的[[坎特伯雷故事集]]中 ，他告诉我们住在城堡里的三个人之一是瞎的，只能用「他的心灵之眼」去領會，也就是所有人在失明后所見的「那些眼睛」。<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/canterburyprol00chauuoft#page/78/mode/1up ''The Man of Laws Tale'', lines 550-553.]</ref>

== 视觉和非视觉心像 ==
[[大脑]]也能够产生其它类型的心像 ，除了视觉心像以外，[[感知]]模拟或重建是跨越所有[[感觉系统]]，包括[[聽覺系統]]的[[声音]] ，味觉心像的[[味觉]] 、[[嗅觉]]的氣味、<ref name="#4">Stevenson, R. J., and Case, T. I., Olfactory imagery: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2005, pp244–264.</ref> [[运动心像]]的运动、和[[触-压觉|触觉心像]]的[[体感|触摸]] (包含質地 、[[温度]]、[[压强|压力]]的組合)。<ref>Miquée, A., Xerri, C., Rainville, C., Anton, J. L., Nazarian, B., Roth, M., and Zennou-Azogui, Y., Neuronal substrates of haptic shape encoding and matching: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience, Vol. 152, No. 1,2008, pp29-39.</ref><ref name="#5">Juttner, M., and Rentschler, I., Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, pp197–198.</ref> 

尽管能够在感官模式中生成心像，<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., Mental imagery and creative thought. Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 147, 2007, pp187–212.</ref>但“'''创造性想像'''”这一术语表示一个人特定地生成和处理视觉心像的过程。 

创造性想像与{{le|引导心像|Guided imagery}}密切相关，且通常被视为引导心像的一部分。在引导心像中，受过训练的从业者或教师帮助参与者或患者唤起并生成心像<ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health Online Version.] {{Wayback|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health |date=20171222001306 }} Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> ，模拟或重建视觉、<ref name="#1"/><ref>Cocude, M., and Denis, M., Measuring the temporal characteristics of visual images. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp89–101.</ref>声音、<ref>Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., and Bouffard, M., Mental reversal of imagined melodies: A role for the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2010, pp775-789.</ref> [[味觉|味覺]]<ref>Kosslyn S. M., Ganis G., and Thompson W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.</ref> 、<ref name="#6">Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref>气味、<ref name="#4"/> 運動 <ref>McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring motor imagery ability: A review. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp232–251.</ref>、触覺，<ref name="#5"/>甚至是主觀體驗，與传统感覺有别的[[想象]]或[[心灵|心理]]内容 <ref>Banissy, M. J., Walsh, V., and Ward, J., Enhanced sensory perception in synesthesia. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 196, No. 4, 2009, pp565–571.</ref> 

不過在[[對照實驗|受控实验中]]，人们参与引导心像<ref name="#7">Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909.</ref> <ref name="#6"/> ，视觉心像在[[科学方法|科学]]文献中留下最為广泛的[[研究]]和记录，视觉和听觉心像仍是人们最常见的经历。<ref name="#8">Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref name="#9">Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.</ref><ref name="#10">Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.</ref> 

所有心像，包括透過创造性想像产生的视觉心像，都可能使强烈的[[情绪]]或[[感覺|感觉]]沉澱或與之產生关联。<ref name="#2"/><ref name="#3"/><ref>Holmes, E. A., and Mathews, A., Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp349–362,</ref>
== 阶段 ==
根据[[实验心理学]] 的[[心像]]计算理论，<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Image and mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.</ref> <ref>Kosslyn, S. M. (1987). Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres. A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp148–175.</ref> <ref name="#11">Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994.</ref>创造性想像的过程包括四个阶段：

'''第1阶段'''是“心像生成”。这涉及从[[記憶|记忆]] ，幻想或两者的组合以产生心像。

'''第2阶段'''是“心像维护”。这涉及故意维持或维持心像，若没有維持，心像会快速衰减 ，心像的維持时间不足以进入下一阶段。 <ref name="#11"/>

'''第3阶段'''是“心像检查”。在这个阶段，一旦心像被生成和维持，就会对心像进行检查、探索及详细阐述，并根据参与者进行解释。 <ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp635–642.</ref>这阶段通常涉及扫描过程，参与者的注意力將遍歷心像及其周圍，並模拟感知视角的变化。 

'''第4阶段'''是“心像转换”。参与者會改变生成心像的内容，改变那些像是指出并加剧心理[[痛苦]]、強調缺陷或無能為力的心像，這階段會將這些负面情绪心像替換成引发正面情绪的心像，如影射自主性，应对能力，以及身心能力提升。  

== 吸引性和注意 ==
为了使参与者从这个阶段性的创造性想像过程中受益，参与者须能够容易進入沉浸狀態或是對[[吸引性 (心理學)|吸引性]]（absorption）具有敏感性，这就是“对進入沉浸狀態和進入自我改变体验的开放性”。 <ref>Tellegen, A., and Atkinson, G., Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (absorption), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1974, pp268–277.</ref> <ref>Tellegen, A., A brief manual for the differential personality questionnaire. Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 1982.</ref> 

此外，处理视觉心像的过程會对认知注意力资源提出了要求，包括[[工作记忆]] 。<ref>Bexton, W. H., Heron, W., and Scott, T. H., Effects of decreased variation in the sensory environment. Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1954, pp70–76.</ref> <ref>Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., and Smeets, M. A. M., Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2011, pp32–37.</ref> 

因此，创造性想像在临床实践中，通常作为多模式策略的一部分，该策略整合了其他干预措施 ，最常见的是引导冥想或某种形式的[[冥想|冥想练习]] 、放松技巧、冥想音乐、[[音樂治療|接受性音乐治疗]] ，因为这些方法可以提高参与者或患者的吸引性，增强对注意力的控制，补充必要的认知资源，从而提高创造性想像的潜在功效。 <ref>Bond, K., Ospina, M. B., Hooton, N., Bialy, L., Dryden, D. M., Buscemi, N., Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Dusek, J., and Carlson, L. E., 'Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for "meditation"'. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2009, pp129–137.</ref> <ref>Shapiro, D. H. Jnr., 'Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies'. In Shapiro, D.H Jnr. and Walsh, R.N. (Eds.) Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. Piscataway, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 1984, pp5-12.</ref> 

患有[[注意力不足過動症]]（ADHD）的个体通常表现出更大的创造潜力。有較强的能力去創造、想像独特的想法。 <ref>Peterson DJ, Ryan M, Rimrodt SL, Cutting LE, Denckla MB, Kaufmann WE, Mahone EM. Increased regional fractional anisotropy in highly screened attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol. 2011 Oct; 26(10):1296-302.</ref>然而，如果给定限制性标准（例如程序、实用性、时间），就會表现出较弱的创造性解决能力。这种弱点是由于[[心理定势|认知僵化]] ，<ref>Scime, M. and Norvilitis, J. M. (2006), Task performance and response to frustration in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol. Schs., 43: 377–386. doi:10.1002/pits.20151</ref>经常与ADHD [[共病]]。注意力、聚焦、動機的缺點會在刚性挫折下更加嚴重，在给出指导方针时，更难引起创造性的概念化。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The neurofunctional foundation of cognitive rigidity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: some preliminary findings|url=http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15011169|last=Capilla Gonzalez|first=A.|last2=Etchepareborda MC|date=1 February 2004|journal=Revista de Neurologia|accessdate=29 November 2017|volume=38 Suppl 1|pages=S145–8|language=es|pmid=15011169|last3=Fernandez Gonzalez|first3=S.|last4=Mulas|first4=F.|last5=Campo|first5=P.|last6=Maestu|first6=F.|last7=Lucas Fernandez|first7=A.|last8=Ortiz|first8=T.|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812165049/http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15011169|dead-url=no}}</ref>然而，ADHD所增加的{{le|思维徘徊|Mind-wandering}} 、[[水平思考|横向思维]]、持久性，可以提供更多{{le|跳出边框的思维|Thinking outside the box}} 。因此，尽管更能够想像创造性和原创性的抽象概念，<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Domain-Specificity of Creativity: A Study on the Relationship Between Visual Creativity and Visual Mental Imagery.|last=Palmiero|first=M|last2=Nori|first2=R|date=1 December 2015|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01870|volume=6|page=1870|pmc=4664616|pmid=26648904|last3=Aloisi|first3=V|last4=Ferrara|first4=M|last5=Piccardi|first5=L}}</ref>但在给定特定标准时，他们无法创造和确定最终想法。<ref>Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2003). Decreased Latent Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Creative Achievement in High-Functioning Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 499-606.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Creative Thinking in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|last=Abraham|first=Anna|last2=Windmann|first2=Sabine|date=2006|journal=Child Neuropsychology|issue=2|doi=10.1080/09297040500320691|volume=12|pages=111–123|issn=1744-4136|pmid=16754532|last3=Siefen|first3=Rainer|last4=Daum|first4=Irene|last5=Güntürkün|first5=Oner}}</ref>

== 引导心像 ==
虽然视觉和[[聽覺心像|听觉心像]]最为常见<ref name="#7"/> <ref name="#6"/> ，视觉心像甚至在[[科学方法|科学]]文献中留下最广泛的[[研究]]记录，<ref name="#8"/> <ref name="#9"/> <ref name="#10"/>但是「创造性想像」這術語的使用在科学、[[同行評審|同行评审、]]学术出版物中远远少于「引导心像」（guided imagery），研究作者通常用「引导心像」来指示所有形式的心像的生成、维护、检查和转换，以及專指视觉心像的過程。此外，一些作者将「创造性想像」一词与「引导心像」互换使用。同时，另一些人則表明引导心像包括创造性想像。<ref>Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Creative Visualization] {{Wayback|url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 |date=20200122231131 }} with those containing 'Guided Imagery' [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Guided Imagery] {{Wayback|url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 |date=20200122231223 }}.</ref><ref name="#12">Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015</ref> 

此外，调查、[[臨床試驗|临床]]、科学、学术作者经常测量、分析、讨论创造性想像及引导心像的影响，这些影响与他们结合的其他身心干预密不可分，通常包括冥想音乐、[[音樂治療|接受性音乐治疗]]、放松、引导冥想、[[冥想|冥想练习]] 、自我反思日记 。这常使得难以将正面或负面结果归因于任一种特定技术。 <ref name="#12"/> <ref>Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA.</ref> <ref>Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87.</ref> <ref>Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502.</ref> 

== 效用 ==
创造性想像可能有助于癌症患者感觉更积极，但“没有令人信服的证据表明创造性想像对恶心和呕吐等身体症状有正面影响。” <ref name="ernst">{{Cite journal|title=A systematic review of guided imagery as an adjuvant cancer therapy|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/17387/1/Roffe%252C_L._-_Systematic_review_-_Psycho-Oncology_2005.pdf|journal=Psychooncology|issue=8|doi=10.1002/pon.889|year=2005|volume=14|pages=607–17|type=Systematic review|pmid=15651053|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217074500/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/17387/1/Roffe%252C_L._-_Systematic_review_-_Psycho-Oncology_2005.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> 

== 参考 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:想像]]
[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:心理治療]]
[[Category:身心療法]]