编辑“催眠”

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'''催眠'''（英語：Hypnosis）是一種[[人類]]的身心狀態，涉及[[注意力]]集中（選擇性注意/選擇性注意力不集中[[假設]]，英語：selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis，縮寫作 SASI）<ref name="SI Hall">{{cite journal|title=Hypnosis revisited|first1=Harriet|date=2021|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|issue=2|volume=45|pages=17–19|last1=Hall}}</ref>，外圍意識（英語：peripheral awareness）降低，以及對心理暗示（英語：Suggestion）的反應能力增強。<ref name="Lynn SJ 2015">In 2015, the [[American Psychological Association]] Division 30 defined hypnosis as a "state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion". For critical commentary on this definition, see: {{cite journal|title=Grounding Hypnosis in Science: The "New" APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis as a Step Backward|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_2015-04_57_4/page/390|date=April 2015|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|issue=4|doi=10.1080/00029157.2015.1011472|volume=57|pages=390–401|pmid=25928778|vauthors=Lynn SJ, Green JP, Kirsch I, Capafons A, Lilienfeld SO, Laurence JR, Montgomery GH|s2cid=10797114}}</ref>

有解釋催眠和相關現象的多種理論。改變狀態（英語：Altered state）理論將催眠視為一種改變的心智或恍惚狀態（英語：Trance），以不同於普通[[意識]]狀態的意識水平為標誌。<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2004: "a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state".</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Erika Fromm|author2=Ronald E. Shor|title=Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis|access-date=27 September 2014|date=2009|publisher=Rutgers|isbn=978-0-202-36262-5|archive-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162415/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis}}</ref> 相比之下，非狀態（英語：non-state）理論將催眠視為一種[[安慰劑]]效應<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title=Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: empirically derived techniques|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_1994-10_37_2/page/95|date=October 1994|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|issue=2|doi=10.1080/00029157.1994.10403122|volume=37|pages=95–106|pmid=7992808|vauthors=Kirsch I}}</ref><ref name=":1">Kirsch, I., "Clinical Hypnosis as a Nondeceptive Placebo", pp. 211–25 in Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña-Buelna, E., Amigó, S. (eds.), ''Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives'', American Psychological Association, (Washington), 1999 {{ISBN|1-55798-535-9}}</ref>，重新[[定義]]與治療者的互動<ref>{{cite book|title=Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach|author=Theodore X. Barber|publisher=J. Aronson, 1995|year=1969|isbn=978-1-56821-740-6|author-link=Theodore X. Barber}}</ref>或一種富有[[想像力]]的角色扮演形式。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hypnosis and the altered state debate: something more or nothing more?|journal=Contemporary Hypnosis|doi=10.1002/ch.21|year=2005|volume=22|pages=39–45|vauthors=Lynn S, Fassler O, Knox J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Hypnosis as role enactment: focus on a role specific skill|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_1972-07_15_1/page/41|date=July 1972|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00029157.1972.10402209|volume=15|pages=41–45|pmid=4679790|vauthors=Coe WC, Buckner LG, Howard ML, Kobayashi K}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Steven J. Lynn|author2=Judith W. Rhue|title=Theories of hypnosis: current models and perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC|access-date=30 October 2011|year=1991|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-0-89862-343-7|archive-date=2013-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013034211/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC}}</ref>

在催眠期間，據說一個人的注意力與[[專注力]]被提升<ref name="Segi">{{cite journal|title=Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders|last== Segi|first=Sherril|journal=The Clinical Advisor: For Nurse Practitioners|issue=3|year=2012|volume=15|page=80|issn=1524-7317}}</ref>，並對心理暗示的反應增加。<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/07/neural_pathways.html Lyda, Alex. "Hypnosis Gaining Ground in Medicine." Columbia News] {{Wayback|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/07/neural_pathways.html |date=20081007194608 }}. Columbia.edu. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.</ref> 催眠通常以催眠誘導（英語：Hypnotic induction）開始，包括一系列初步的指示和心理暗示。將催眠用於治療目的被稱為“[[催眠療法]]”，而將其用作觀眾的一種娛樂形式被稱為“舞台催眠”（英語：Stage hypnosis），這是一種心靈[[魔術]]（英語：Mentalism）。

用於[[疼痛管理]]的催眠“可能會減少大多數人的急性和慢性疼痛”。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hypnosis for the Relief and Control of Pain|url=https://www.apa.org/research/action/hypnosis|access-date=2021-12-22|work=www.apa.org|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725212840/https://www.apa.org/research/action/hypnosis}}</ref> 以催眠為基礎的治療[[大腸激躁症]]和[[更年期]]的療法得到了（科學）證據的支持。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apt.13706|first1=S. L.|last2=Yao|first2=C. K.|date=2016|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|issue=5|doi=10.1111/apt.13706|volume=44|pages=447–459|language=en|issn=1365-2036|pmid=27397586|last3=Philpott|first3=H.|last4=Yelland|first4=G. W.|last5=Muir|first5=J. G.|last6=Gibson|first6=P. R.|s2cid=42525698|last1=Peters|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162524/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apt.13706}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome|first1=Brian E.|last2=Pimentel|first2=Mark|date=January 2021|journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology|issue=1|doi=10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036|volume=116|pages=17–44|language=en-US|issn=0002-9270|pmid=33315591|last3=Brenner|first3=Darren M.|last4=Chey|first4=William D.|last5=Keefer|first5=Laurie A.|last6=Long|first6=Millie D.|last7=Moshiree|first7=Baha|last1=Lacy|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical Hypnosis in the Treatment of Post-Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Randomized Controlled Trial|first1=Gary R.|last2=Fisher|first2=William I.|date=March 2013|journal=Menopause|issue=3|doi=10.1097/GME.0b013e31826ce3ed|volume=20|pages=291–298|issn=1072-3714|pmc=3556367|pmid=23435026|last3=Johnson|first3=Aimee K.|last4=Carpenter|first4=Janet S.|last5=Keith|first5=Timothy Z.|last1=Elkins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/|date=November 2015|journal=Menopause|issue=11|doi=10.1097/GME.0000000000000546|volume=22|pages=1155–1172; quiz 1173–1174|issn=1530-0374|pmid=26382310|s2cid=14841660|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2021-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322145613/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/}}</ref> 使用催眠治療其他問題產生了不同的結果，例如[[戒菸]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hypnotherapy is more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: Results of a randomized controlled trial|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229913002100|first1=Faysal M.|last2=Zagarins|first2=Sofija E.|journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.012|year=2014|volume=22|pages=1–8|language=en|pmid=24559809|last3=Pischke|first3=Karen M.|last4=Saiyed|first4=Shamila|last5=Bettencourt|first5=Ann Marie|last6=Beal|first6=Laura|last7=Macys|first7=Diane|last8=Aurora|first8=Sanjay|last9=McCleary|first9=Nancy|last1=Hasan|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162421/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229913002100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18569754/|first1=T. P.|last2=Duncan|first2=C.|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|issue=5|doi=10.1080/14622200802023833|year=2008|volume=10|pages=811–818|language=en|pmid=18569754|last3=Simon|first3=J. A.|last4=Solkowitz|first4=S.|last5=Huggins|first5=J.|last6=Lee|first6=S.|last7=Delucchi|first7=K.|last1=Carmody|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303055959/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18569754/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation|first1=Joanne|last2=McRobbie|first2=Hayden|date=2019-06-14|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=6|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3|editor-last=Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group|volume=2019|pages=CD001008|language=en|pmc=6568235|pmid=31198991|last3=Dong|first3=Christine Y|last4=Walker|first4=Natalie|last5=Hartmann-Boyce|first5=Jamie|last1=Barnes}}</ref> 使用催眠作為一種治療形式來恢復和整合幼年[[心理創傷|創傷]]在科學主流中存在爭議。研究表明，對個人進行催眠可能有助於形成[[錯誤記憶]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|editor1-last=Lilienfeld|isbn=9781462517510|pages=245–275|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|location=New York|edition=2nd|title=Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology|editor3-first=Jeffrey M.|editor3-last=Lohr|editor2-first=Steven Jay|editor2-last=Lynn|editor1-first=Scott O.|chapter=Constructing the past: problematic memory recovery techniques in psychotherapy|first1=Steven Jay|date=2014|author-link5=Scott Lilienfeld|first5=Scott O.|last5=Lilienfeld|first4=Timothy G.|last4=Locke|author-link3=Elizabeth Loftus|first3=Elizabeth F.|last3=Loftus|first2=Elisa|last2=Krackow|oclc=890851087}}</ref>，且催眠“並不能幫助人們更準確地[[回憶]]事件”。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=Celia|title=Hypnosis does not help accurate memory recall, says study|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html|website=Telegraph|access-date=11 March 2019|date=26 August 2001|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181504/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html}}</ref>

== 參見 ==
* [[意识]]
* [[潜意识]]

== 注釋與引用來源 == 
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== 其他参考 ===
* Hypnotherapy, by [[Dave Elman]]. (1964).
* Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious, by Kenneth Bowers. NY: W. W. Norton (1993).
* Hypnosis and Suggestion in the Treatment of Pain: A Clinical Guide, by Joseph Barber. NY: Norton (1996).
* Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool
* Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981).
* The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge
* Better and Better Every Day, [[Emile Coue]], (1960).
* Uncommon Therapy, [[Jay Haley]]（about the psychotherapeutic intervention techniques of [[Milton Erickson]]）
* Advanced Self Hypnosis, [[Melvin Powers]], Thorsons Publishers, 1973, ISBN 0-7225-0058-0
* Molly Moon's Incredible Book of Hypnotism, [[Georgia Byng]]
* Open to suggestion. The uses and abuses of hypnosis. [[Robert Temple]], 1989, ISBN 1-85030-710-4
* Hypnosis With Friends and Lovers [[Freda Morris]], 1979, ISBN 0-06-250600-5
* Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis [[William S. Kroger, M.D.]], 1977, ISBN 0-397-50377-6
* EBooks: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223105343/http://pradeepaggarwal.com/cvisual.HTM The Power of Creative Visualization], [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223110520/http://pradeepaggarwal.com/7weeks.html Personal Transformation in 7 Weeks]by [http://www.pradeepaggarwal.com Pradeep Aggarwal]{{Wayback|url=http://pradeepaggarwal.com/7weeks.html |date=20051223110520 }}.

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[[Category:心理学]]
[[Category:治疗]]
[[Category:民間療法]]
[[Category:催眠| ]]