编辑“短期记忆”（章节）

==可能损害短期记忆的因素==
记忆衰退是衰老中的自然过程。有研究调查了老年人是否会发生短期记忆能力的减退，分析了法国人的关于三种短期记忆任务（语言、视觉和空间）的标准数据，在55-85岁的参与者中发现了记忆的损害。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fournet | first1 = N. | last2 = Roulin | first2 = J. Vallet | last3 = Beaudoin | first3 = M. | last4 = Agrigoroaei | first4 = S. | last5 = Paignon | first5 = A. | last6 = Dantzer | first6 = C. | last7 = Descrichard | first7 = O. | year = 2012 | title = Evaluating short-term and working memory in order adults: french normative data | url = | journal = Aging & Mental Health | volume = 16 | issue = 7| pages = 922–930 | doi = 10.1080/13607863.2012.674487 }}</ref>

=== 阿兹海默症 ===

[[阿兹海默症]]引起的记忆失调在老年人当中很常见。将轻度到中度阿兹海默症患者的表现，和同年龄的健康人相比较，<ref>MaDuffie, K. Atkins, A., Flegal, K., Clark, C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2012). Memory distortion in alzheimer’s disease: deficient monitoring of short-term and long-term memory. ''Neuropsychology'', 26(4), pp. 509-516. Doi: 10.1037/a0028684/</ref> 研究者得出结论，阿兹海默症患者存在短期记忆唤起的衰退。[[情节记忆]]和叙述能力在阿兹海默症早期就会受到损害。虽然认知系统是互相广泛连接和相互作用的神经元网络，但是仍然有研究者假设，刺激词汇语义能力可能会从语义上帮助建立情节记忆。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jelicic | first1 = N. | last2 = Cagnin | first2 = A. | last3 = Meneghello | first3 = F. | last4 = Turolla | first4 = A. | last5 = Ermani | first5 = M. | last6 = Dam | first6 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Effects of Lexical-Semantic treatments on memory in early alzheimers disease | url = | journal = Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair | volume = 26 | issue = 8| pages = 949–956 | doi = 10.1177/1545968312440146 | pmid = 22460609 }}</ref>  他们发现，使用词汇语义刺激的治疗可能改善阿兹海默症患者的情节记忆。这也可能提供临床意见以对抗该病的退行性症状。

=== 失语症 ===

[[失语症]]在老年人中也很常见。失语症会造成许多语句理解的困难。<ref>Salis, C., (2012)</ref> 许多语言障碍病人常常抱怨自己记忆受损，也有很多病人的家庭成员证实，病人在回忆之前已知的名字和事件时会发生困难。许多研究证实，许多失语病人在完成需要视觉记忆的任务时会发生障碍。<ref>KRZYSZTOF JODZIO, WIOLETA TARASZKIEWICZ,[http://plc.psychologia.pl/plc/contents/fulltext/03-2_3.pdf "SHORT-TERM MEMORY IMPAIRMENT: EVIDENCE FROM APHASIA"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502193900/http://www.plc.psychologia.pl/plc/contents/fulltext/03-2_3.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}, ''Psychology of Language and Communication 1999, Vol. 3. No. 2'', 1999</ref>

=== 精神分裂症 ===

[[精神分裂症]]患者的核心症状和认知缺失有关。造成认知缺失的一个被忽视的因素是对时间的理解。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Landgraf | first1 = S. | last2 = Steingen | first2 = J. | last3 = Eppert | first3 = J. | last4 = Niedermeyer | first4 = U. | last5 = der Meer | first5 = E. | last6 = Kruegar | first6 = F. | year = 2011 | title = Temporal information processing in short-and long-term memory of patients with schitzophrenia | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e26140 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026140 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...626140L }}</ref>  一个研究的结果证实了精神分裂患者主要的缺失是因为认知失调，他们对时间信息理解的效率降低。

=== 高龄 ===

年老和情节记忆的衰退相关。和年龄相关的记忆衰退，表现为难以将事件的记忆和单位结合起来。<ref>Bender, A., Naveh-Benjamin, M., Raz, N. (2010). Associative deficit in recognition memory in a mifespan sample of Healthy Adults. ''Psychology and Aging'', 05(4), pp. 940-948. Doi: 10.1037/a0020595/</ref>  有早先的研究使用混合积木测试来检验老年人的短期记忆衰退，发现了和年老有关联的记忆减退。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = T. | last2 = Naveh-Benjamin | first2 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Assessing the Associative Deficit of Older adults in long-term and Short-term/working Memory | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-and-aging_2012-09_27_3/page/666| journal = Psychology and Aging | volume = 27 | issue = 3| pages = 666–682 | doi = 10.1037/a0026943 | pmid = 22308997 }}</ref>  该研究和许多较早的研究，都为老年人的短期记忆减退提供着证据。<br />

即使没有神经疾病和病症，老年人仍然会经历逐步的智力能力损失。有许多测试可以用来评估老年人的心理物理学状况，<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Costarella | first1 = M. | last2 = Montelone | first2 = L. | last3 = Steindler | first3 = R. | last4 = Zuccaro | first4 = S. | year = 2010 | title = Decline of physical and cognitive conditions in the elderly measured through the functional reach test and the mini-mental state examination | url = | journal = Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics | volume = 50 | issue = 3| pages = 332–337 | doi = 10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.013 | pmid = 19545918 }}</ref>其中应用范围较广的有功能性前伸测试（functional reach test，FR）和[[简短智能测验]]（MMSE）。功能性前伸测试包括一系列保持平衡的任务，可以发现身体运动能力的损害；而MMSE包括许多智力测试题，可以发现认知能力的损害。

=== PTSD ===

[[创伤后心理压力紧张综合症]]（PTSD）会改变人对情感相关信息的处理，会强烈改变与创伤相关的信息的注意，也会干扰认知过程。不考虑个体创伤的特别性，许多种类的认知损害都和PTSD有关，表现为注意力和语言记忆的缺失。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Londre | first1 = L. | last2 = Destrieux | first2 = C. | last3 = Anderson | first3 = Frederic | last4 = Barantin | first4 = L. | last5 = Quide | first5 = Y. | last6 = Tapia | first6 = G. | last7 = Jaafari | first7 = N. | last8 = Clarys | first8 = D. | last9 = Gaillard | first9 = P. ''et al.'' | year = 2012 | title = Working memory processing of traumatic material in women with post traumatic stress disorder | url = | journal = J Psychiatry Neurosci | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 87–94 | doi = 10.1503/jpn.100167 | pmid = 21971161 | author10 = and others | displayauthors = 9 }}</ref>

=== 短期记忆与智力 ===

关于短期记忆与智力和PTSD的关系的研究很少。然而，研究表明PTSD患者在{{le|本顿视觉保持测试|Benton Visual Retention Test}}（BVRT）中表现出短期非语言记忆的损害，然而在[[瑞文氏标准推理测验]]（RSPM）中表现正常，说明是记忆的损害影响了患者的智力。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Emdad | first1 = R. | last2 = Sondergaard | first2 = P. | year = 2006 | title = General intelligence and short-term memory impairments in post traumatic stress disorder patients | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mental-health_2006-04_15_2/page/205| journal = Journal of mental health | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 205–216 | doi = 10.1080/09638230600608966 }}</ref>