编辑“時間知覺”（章节）

===奇球效应===
一个人最近的体验似乎会改变他对事件的感知。在一系列同样的事件中人们典型地把第一次事件持续的时间估计得长<ref name=Rose1995>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rose D, Summers J | title = Duration illusions in a train of visual stimuli | journal = Perception | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1177–87 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8577576 | doi = 10.1068/p241177 }}</ref>。与被预计的经常发生的“标准”刺激相比没有被预计的“奇球”刺激似乎持续的时间长<ref name=Tse2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tse PU, Intriligator J, Rivest J, Cavanagh P | title = Attention and the subjective expansion of time | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_attention-perception-and-psychophysics_2004-10_66_7/page/1171 | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 66 | issue = 7 | pages = 1171–89 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15751474 | doi = 10.3758/BF03196844 }}</ref>。

奇球效应可能是进化导致的“警告”功能，它符合在危险情况下时间似乎变慢的报道。一个在视网膜上不断变大的图像，或者说一个似乎在不断接近的现象，造成的效应似乎最强烈<ref name=Tse2004/><ref name=New2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = New JJ, Scholl BJ | title = Subjective time dilation: spatially local, object-based, or a global visual experience? | journal = Journal of Vision | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 4.1–11 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19271914 | doi = 10.1167/9.2.4 }}</ref><ref name=vanWassenhove2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Wassenhove V, Buonomano DV, Shimojo S, Shams L | title = Distortions of subjective time perception within and across senses | journal = PloS One | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e1437 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18197248 | pmc = 2174530 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001437 }}</ref>。一个缩小或者似乎离开试验者的奇球没有这个效应<ref name=New2009/>。假如在一群扩大的刺激里有一个不变的奇球的话奇球效应会减弱<ref name=Tse2004/>或者甚至逆转<ref name=vanWassenhove2008/>。

最初的研究认为奇球效应导致30%-50%的主观时间延长<ref name=Tse2004/>，但是后来的研究认为其效果只有10%<ref name=vanWassenhove2008/><ref name=Ulrich2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ulrich R, Nitschke J, Rammsayer T | title = Perceived duration of expected and unexpected stimuli | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-research_2006-03_70_2/page/77 | journal = Psychological Research | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–87 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 15609031 | doi = 10.1007/s00426-004-0195-4 }}</ref><ref name=Chen2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen KM, Yeh SL | title = Asymmetric cross-modal effects in time perception | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-psychologica_2009-03_130_3/page/225 | journal = Acta Psychologica | volume = 130 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–34 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19195633 | doi = 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.12.008 }}</ref><ref name=Seifried2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seifried T, Ulrich R | title = Does the asymmetry effect inflate the temporal expansion of odd stimuli? | journal = Psychological Research | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–8 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19034503 | doi = 10.1007/s00426-008-0187-x }}</ref>或更少<ref name=AaenStockdale2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaen-Stockdale C, Hotchkiss J, Heron J, Whitaker D | title = Perceived time is spatial frequency dependent | journal = Vision Research | volume = 51 | issue = 11 | pages = 1232–8 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21477613 | pmc = 3121949 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2011.03.019 }}</ref>。使用的刺激也影响试验者感觉时间是变长还是变短<ref name=AaenStockdale2011/>。