编辑“心理学”（章节）

=== 精神分析 Psychoanalysis ===
{{Main|精神分析学}}
奥地利医生[[西格蒙德·弗洛伊德]]自十九世纪90年代开始研究[[精神分析学]]，直到自己1939年去世为止。[[精神分析学]]是一种研究意识、解释经历的方法；是一种关于人类行为的理论系统；是一种针对心理、情绪的治疗方法，特别是对潜意识中的[[冲突]]进行[[心理治疗]]。<ref>Moore, B.E.; Fine, B.D. (1968), A Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts, Amer Psychoanalytic Assn, p. 78, ISBN 978-0-318-13125-2</ref>弗洛伊德的精神分析中的很多理论基于解释法、[[内省法]]以及临床观察。精神分析法广为流传，因为它的研究对象涉及[[人类的性|性别]]、压抑、心理发展中的[[潜意识]]等。这些问题在当时都被列为社会[[禁忌]]，弗洛伊德则提供了催化剂，使得问题可以在正式社交中得以公开讨论。在临床上，弗洛伊德是自由联想的先驱，他对释梦治疗也很有研究。<ref>{{Cite document |author=Freud, S |title=The Interpretation of Dreams |year=1900 |edition=2nd |volume=IV and V |publisher=Hogarth Press, 1955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document |author=Freud, S |title=The Unconscious |year=1915 |edition=2nd |volume=XIV |publisher=Hogarth Press, 1955}}</ref>

弗洛伊德对瑞士[[精神科醫師]][[卡尔·荣格]]的影响很大，后者的[[分析心理学]]与深度心理学互补。20世纪中叶心理学者们研究精神分析、心理学、精神病治疗、以及哲学。这些著名的学者包括[[爱利克·埃里克森]]、[[梅兰妮·克莱因]]、[[唐纳德·威尼科特]]、[[卡伦·霍妮]]、[[埃里希·弗罗姆]]、[[約翰·鮑比]]、以及弗洛伊德的女儿[[安娜·弗洛伊德]]。在整个二十世纪里，精神分析衍生出不同的分支学派，它们中很多被划分为新弗洛伊德学派。<ref name = "reference_name_B">Among these schools are {{tsl|en|ego psychology||ego psychology}}, [[客体关系理论|object relations]], and {{tsl|en|interpersonal psychoanalysis||interpersonal}}, [[雅各·拉岡|Lacanian]], and {{tsl|en|relational psychoanalysis||relational psychoanalysis}}. Modification of Jung's theories led to the {{tsl|en|archetypal psychology||archetypal}} and {{tsl|en|Process Oriented Psychology||process-oriented}} schools.</ref>

精神分析及其治疗受到诸多人士的批评，如心理学家[[汉斯·艾森克]]、以及哲学家[[卡尔·波普尔]]。波普尔是位[[科学哲学|科学哲学家]]，认为精神分析作为科学是错误的，<ref name="Popper">Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33–39; from Theodore Schick, ed., Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 9–13. [http://faculty.washington.edu/lynnhank/Popper.doc Faculty.washington.edu] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/lynnhank/Popper.doc |date=20090326181144 }}</ref>，而艾森克则称精神分析原理与实验数据不符。到二十世纪末，美国高等院校心理学院变得更加倾向于[[实证主义]]，将弗洛伊德理论边缘化，并蔑称其为“干瘪老死”的历史古董。<ref name=Cohen>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?oref&oref=slogin {{Wayback|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?oref&oref=slogin |date=20210308121341 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?oref&oref=slogin |date=20210308121341 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?oref&oref=slogin |date=20210308121341 }} June 2008 study by the {{tsl|en|American Psychoanalytic Association||American Psychoanalytic Association}}, as reported in the ''[[纽约时报|New York Times]]''], "Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department" by Patricia Cohen, November 25, 2007.</ref>与此同时，研究人员在神经精神分析领域上维护弗洛伊德的科学立场，<ref name="reference_name_C">For example, scientists have related brain structures to Freudian concepts such as [[性冲动|libido]], [[动机|drives]], the [[潛意識|unconscious]], and {{tsl|en|Psychological repression||repression}}. The contributors to neuro-psychoanalysis include {{tsl|en|António Damásio||António Damásio}} (Damásio, A. (1994). ''{{tsl|en|Descartes' Error||Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain}}''; Damásio, A. (1996). ''The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex''; Damásio, A. (1999). ''The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness''; Damásio, A. (2003). ''Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain''); [[埃里克·坎德尔|Eric Kandel]]; [[約瑟夫·勒杜克斯|Joseph E. LeDoux]] (LeDoux, J.E. (1998). ''The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life (Touchstone ed.)''. [[西蒙與舒斯特|Simon & Schuster]]. Original work published 1996. ISBN 978-0-684-83659-1); {{tsl|en|Jaak Panksepp||Jaak Panksepp}} (Panksepp, J. (1998). ''Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions''. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press); [[奧利佛·薩克斯|Oliver Sacks]] (Sacks, O. (1984). ''A leg to stand on''. New York: Summit Books/Simon and Schuster); {{tsl|en|Mark Solms||Mark Solms}} (Kaplan-Solms, K., & Solms, M. (2000). ''Clinical studies in neuro-psychoanalysis: Introduction to a depth neuropsychology''. London: Karnac Books; Solms, M., & Turnbull, O. (2002). ''The brain and the inner world: An introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience''. New York: Other Press); and Douglas Watt.</ref>而其它[[人文学科]]学者们则固守弗洛伊德“根本不是科学家，而是个...[[解释学|詮釋者]]。”<ref name=Cohen/>