编辑“時間知覺”（章节）

==时间错觉的种类==
时间错觉是对时间感知的错误，两件以上的事件发生的间隔非常短的情况下（一般小于一秒）会发生这样的错觉。在这些情况下一个人可能觉得时间变慢、停止、加快或者后退。此外一个人可能错误地感知事件发生的顺序。
*[[伸缩效应]]：人们觉得最近发生的事情似乎发生在比实际远，而过去很久发生的事情则发生得比实际近<ref name=jcp />。
*[[维耶尔特定律]]：短暂的间隔被估计得长，长的间隔被估计得短
*假如在一个间断里发生很多变化的话这个间断会被感受得比发生变化少的间断长
*动机大的情况下一个任务似乎不同很长事件来完成
*假如一个任务被中断或者打断的话完成它的时间似乎拉长
*听觉刺激似乎比视觉刺激持续的时间长<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wearden JH, Todd NP, Jones LA | title = When do auditory/visual differences in duration judgements occur? | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 59 | issue = 10 | pages = 1709–24 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16945856 | doi = 10.1080/17470210500314729 | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470210500314729#.U0XwvOZdUww | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2019-06-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190621231951/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470210500314729#.U0XwvOZdUww | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstone S, Lhamon WT | title = Studies of auditory-visual differences in human time judgment. 1. Sounds are judged longer than lights | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–82 | date = August 1974 | pmid = 4415924 | doi = 10.2466/pms.1974.39.1.63 | url = http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2466/pms.1974.39.1.63 | format = PDF }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Penney TB |chapter=Modality differences in interval timing: Attention, clock speed, and memory |pages=209–233 |doi=10.1201/9780203009574.ch8 |title=Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing |editor-last=Meck | editor-first = Warren H. | name-list-format = vanc | date = 2003 | publisher = CRC Press |place=Boca Raton, FL |chapter-url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2003-00556-008 |series=Frontiers in Neuroscience | isbn = 978-0-8493-1109-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wearden JH, Edwards H, Fakhri M, Percival A | title = Why "sounds are judged longer than lights": application of a model of the internal clock in humans | journal = The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–120 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9621837 | doi = 10.1080/713932672 | url = http://www.keele.ac.uk/media/keeleuniversity/facnatsci/schpsych/weardenpublications/weardenetal1998.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2013-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130421045901/http://www.keele.ac.uk/media/keeleuniversity/facnatsci/schpsych/weardenpublications/weardenetal1998.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
*越强烈的刺激持续的时间似乎越长
*重复接受不同时刺激会导致刺激同时发生的感觉

===感知时间扩张===
感知时间扩张是一种可以实验重复验证的时间感知错觉,<ref name=wada />。由于每个刺激视觉、听觉和触觉的间隔实验者会感觉刺激之间的间断时间比实际上要长或者短。比如一段旅行被分成两段时间一样长的旅程。虽然时间上这两段旅程的时间一样长，但是距离长的那段旅程似乎比距离短的那段用的时间多。

===时间冻结===
{{main|时滞错觉}}

时间冻结是一种时间错觉，在接受一个新的事件或者任务后大脑似乎会觉得时间变长<ref name=yarrow />。比如在[[扫视]]后下一个刺激的时间似乎变长。这个错觉可以延长到500毫秒。这个现象符合在感受之前视觉系统就已经在预视下一个事件了<ref name="Yarrow, Whiteley">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarrow K, Whiteley L, Rothwell JC, Haggard P | title = Spatial consequences of bridging the saccadic gap | journal = Vision Research | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 545–55 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16005489 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2005.04.019 | pmc=1343538}}</ref>。这个错觉最著名的实验是所谓的“钟停错觉”。在快速扫视一面时钟后时钟的秒针指针的下一次运动似乎要等很长时间后才发生（一个人会觉得好像秒针指针冻结了一样）<ref name=Knoll2>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knöll J, Morrone MC, Bremmer F | title = Spatio-temporal topography of saccadic overestimation of time | journal = Vision Research | volume = 83 | pages = 56–65 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23458677 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.013 }}</ref><ref name="Yarrow, Rothwell">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarrow K, Rothwell JC | title = Manual chronostasis: tactile perception precedes physical contact | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 13 | pages = 1134–9 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12842013 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00413-5 }}</ref><ref name=Yarrow>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarrow K, Johnson H, Haggard P, Rothwell JC | title = Consistent chronostasis effects across saccade categories imply a subcortical efferent trigger | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cognitive-neuroscience_2004-06_16_5/page/839 | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 839–47 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15200711 | doi = 10.1162/089892904970780 | pmc=1266050}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120827-how-to-make-time-stand-still | title=The mystery of the stopped clock illusion | work=[[BBC]] - Future - Health - | date=2012-08-27 | accessdate=2012-12-09 | archive-date=2013-01-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120100128/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120827-how-to-make-time-stand-still | dead-url=no }}</ref>。

不光视觉会产生钟停错觉，[[听觉]]和[[触觉]]也会导致钟停错觉<ref name=Nijhawan>{{cite book | last = Nijhawan | first = Romi | name-list-format = vanc | title=Space and Time in Perception and Action|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-86318-6}}</ref>。一个很常见的例子是打电话：比如在聽电话铃响时，打电话的人把电话从一个耳朵转到另一个，铃声的长度似乎会变长<ref name="Hodinott">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hodinott-Hill I, Thilo KV, Cowey A, Walsh V | title = Auditory chronostasis: hanging on the telephone | journal = Current Biology | volume = 12 | issue = 20 | pages = 1779–81 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12401174 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01219-8 }}</ref>。在触觉方面，试验者抓住一个新物件时会觉得他们的手触摸到物件的时间比实际长<ref name="Yarrow, Rothwell" />。在其它试验里试验者用开关开灯他们会觉得灯在开关开之前就亮了。

===奇球效应===
一个人最近的体验似乎会改变他对事件的感知。在一系列同样的事件中人们典型地把第一次事件持续的时间估计得长<ref name=Rose1995>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rose D, Summers J | title = Duration illusions in a train of visual stimuli | journal = Perception | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1177–87 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8577576 | doi = 10.1068/p241177 }}</ref>。与被预计的经常发生的“标准”刺激相比没有被预计的“奇球”刺激似乎持续的时间长<ref name=Tse2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tse PU, Intriligator J, Rivest J, Cavanagh P | title = Attention and the subjective expansion of time | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_attention-perception-and-psychophysics_2004-10_66_7/page/1171 | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 66 | issue = 7 | pages = 1171–89 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15751474 | doi = 10.3758/BF03196844 }}</ref>。

奇球效应可能是进化导致的“警告”功能，它符合在危险情况下时间似乎变慢的报道。一个在视网膜上不断变大的图像，或者说一个似乎在不断接近的现象，造成的效应似乎最强烈<ref name=Tse2004/><ref name=New2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = New JJ, Scholl BJ | title = Subjective time dilation: spatially local, object-based, or a global visual experience? | journal = Journal of Vision | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 4.1–11 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19271914 | doi = 10.1167/9.2.4 }}</ref><ref name=vanWassenhove2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Wassenhove V, Buonomano DV, Shimojo S, Shams L | title = Distortions of subjective time perception within and across senses | journal = PloS One | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e1437 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18197248 | pmc = 2174530 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001437 }}</ref>。一个缩小或者似乎离开试验者的奇球没有这个效应<ref name=New2009/>。假如在一群扩大的刺激里有一个不变的奇球的话奇球效应会减弱<ref name=Tse2004/>或者甚至逆转<ref name=vanWassenhove2008/>。

最初的研究认为奇球效应导致30%-50%的主观时间延长<ref name=Tse2004/>，但是后来的研究认为其效果只有10%<ref name=vanWassenhove2008/><ref name=Ulrich2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ulrich R, Nitschke J, Rammsayer T | title = Perceived duration of expected and unexpected stimuli | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-research_2006-03_70_2/page/77 | journal = Psychological Research | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–87 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 15609031 | doi = 10.1007/s00426-004-0195-4 }}</ref><ref name=Chen2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen KM, Yeh SL | title = Asymmetric cross-modal effects in time perception | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-psychologica_2009-03_130_3/page/225 | journal = Acta Psychologica | volume = 130 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–34 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19195633 | doi = 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.12.008 }}</ref><ref name=Seifried2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seifried T, Ulrich R | title = Does the asymmetry effect inflate the temporal expansion of odd stimuli? | journal = Psychological Research | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–8 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19034503 | doi = 10.1007/s00426-008-0187-x }}</ref>或更少<ref name=AaenStockdale2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaen-Stockdale C, Hotchkiss J, Heron J, Whitaker D | title = Perceived time is spatial frequency dependent | journal = Vision Research | volume = 51 | issue = 11 | pages = 1232–8 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21477613 | pmc = 3121949 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2011.03.019 }}</ref>。使用的刺激也影响试验者感觉时间是变长还是变短<ref name=AaenStockdale2011/>。

===感情的效应===
====敬畏====
研究认为[[敬畏]]延伸人的时间感觉。敬畏提高人的注意力，因此人的时间知觉在感受敬畏时会变慢<ref name="pmid22886132">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudd M, Vohs KD, Aaker J | title = Awe expands people's perception of time, alters decision making, and enhances well-being | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 23 | issue = 10 | pages = 1130–6 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22886132 | doi = 10.1177/0956797612438731 | url = http://www.carlsonschool.umn.edu/assets/lib/assets/AssetLibrary/2012/Rudd_Vohs_Aaker_2012_psych%20science.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=2019年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。

====恐惧====
一个人面临危险或者交配时出现的时间错觉可能与奇球效应有关。比如在蹦极或跳伞时时间似乎变慢<ref name="just" />。人在出乎意外地觉察到周围有捕猎者或者交配对象时时间似乎也变慢。这个时间变慢的知觉可能有进化优点因为它可能能够使人在这个关键生存时刻迅速做出决定。但是虽然普遍有人报道在这些情况下时间似乎变慢，其原理是因为时间分辨率在这些情况下提高，还是因为它是在这样的感情情况下产生的错觉。

在危险情况下时间放慢似乎是一个回顾时的现象。在自由跌落和恐惧情况下做的知觉能力测试和对闪光刺激的敏感度做的试验证明在这些情况下人的时间知觉并没有提高。但是试验者对恐惧情况的记忆比平常紧凑，因此在记忆里这样的情况似乎比平常长<ref name="pmid18074019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stetson C, Fiesta MP, Eagleman DM | title = Does time really slow down during a frightening event? | journal = PloS One | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = e1295 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18074019 | pmc = 2110887 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001295 }}</ref>。

观看恐怖电影的人在看完后往往把视觉刺激的持续时间估计的比较长，观看悲伤电影或者气象预报、股市报道等没有感情的影片的人没有这样的反应。一些学者认为恐怖会刺激[[杏仁核]]，因此提高“体内鐘”的速度。这可能是进化对危险情况造成的一种防御反应<ref name="pmid21886610">{{cite journal | vauthors = Droit-Volet S, Fayolle SL, Gil S | title = Emotion and time perception: effects of film-induced mood | journal = Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue =  | pages = 33 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21886610 | pmc = 3152725 | doi = 10.3389/fnint.2011.00033 }}</ref>。

三岁的幼童在危险情况下也会把时间感知變长<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/01/psychology-time-perception-awareness-research |title= A stopwatch on the brain's perception of time |last1= Gozlan |first1= Marc |date= 2 Jan 2013 |website= theguardian.com |publisher= Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate= 4 January 2014 |name-list-format= vanc |archive-date= 2014-01-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205501/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/01/psychology-time-perception-awareness-research |dead-url= no }}</ref><ref name="pmid19073237">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gil S, Droit-Volet S | title = Time perception, depression and sadness | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19073237 | doi = 10.1016/j.beproc.2008.11.012 | url = http://cerca.labo.univ-poitiers.fr/IMG/pdf_BP09-GilColl.pdf | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104031908/http://cerca.labo.univ-poitiers.fr/IMG/pdf_BP09-GilColl.pdf | archivedate = 2014-01-04 }}</ref>。

====同情====
感知别人的感情也能改变一个人对时间的感知。[[镜像神经元]]能够解释为什么其他人的感情能够改变一个人对时间的感知。一个人能够在内部反应和模拟其他人的感情。比如假如一个人和另一个说话走路非常慢的人一起待一段时间后他的内部钟也会变慢。

====沮丧====
沮丧可能可以提高人对时间知觉的精确性。一个测试这个理论的研究让测试者估计3到65秒钟之间的时间。调查结果认为沮丧的人估计的时间比不沮丧的人精确。估计这是因为沮丧的人在估计时间的时候比较少被外部因素影响。做这个研究的科学家把这个现象称为“沮丧实际主义”<ref name=DepressiveRealism>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornbrot DE, Msetfi RM, Grimwood MJ | title = Time perception and depressive realism: judgment type, psychophysical functions and bias | journal = PloS One | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = e71585 | date = 21 August 2013 | pmid = 23990960 | pmc = 3749223 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0071585 | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071585 | lay-url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130822090326.htm | lay-date = 22 August 2013 | lay-source = Science Daily | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2014-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092825/http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071585 | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

===年龄的变化===
心理学家发现对时间的感知随年龄增长加快。这往往使人随年龄增长把同一段时间估计得越来越短。这个变化可能是由于大脑的老化导致的，比如老年大脑分泌的多巴胺比较少，但是其最终原因还有争议<ref name="pmid18794529">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dreher JC, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Berman KF | title = Age-related changes in midbrain dopaminergic regulation of the human reward system | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 39 | pages = 15106–11 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18794529 | pmc = 2567500 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0802127105 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16901542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bäckman L, Nyberg L, Lindenberger U, Li SC, Farde L | title = The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: current status and future prospects | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 791–807 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16901542 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.005 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8806025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meck WH | title = Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception | journal = Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research | volume = 3 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 227–42 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8806025 | doi = 10.1016/0926-6410(96)00009-2 | url = http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homePage/Class/Psy355/Gilden/meck.pdf | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029135616/http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy355/Gilden/meck.pdf | archivedate = 2013-10-29 }}</ref>。一个试验比较一群19到24岁的人和一群60到80岁的人对三分钟时间的估计。试验发现年轻人平均在3分钟3秒钟后估计到3分钟过去了，而老年人平均在3分钟40秒钟后估计3分钟过去了<ref name="newsci" /><ref name="urlRunning Late? Researchers Blame Aging Brain - New York Times">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/science/running-late-researchers-blame-aging-brain.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title = Running Late? Researchers Blame Aging Brain | author = Blakesell S | date = 1998-03-24 | work =  | publisher = New York Times | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2017-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170813013945/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/science/running-late-researchers-blame-aging-brain.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

非常小的孩子实实在在地“生活在时间里”，他们没有意识到时间的流逝。孩子要在主观意识到和回思一系列事件之间的关系后才意识到时间的流逝。随着孩子的注意力和短期记忆能力的发展孩子慢慢发展对时间的意识。一般认为这个过程与[[前額葉皮質]]和[[海马体]]的发展有关<ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="pmid23045653">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kolb B, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Li Y, Frost DO, Gibb R | title = Experience and the developing prefrontal cortex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 Suppl 2 | issue =  | pages = 17186–93 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23045653 | pmc = 3477383 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1121251109 }}</ref>。

对于一个11岁的人来说一天约相当于他生命的1/4000，对于一个55岁的人来说一天约相当于他生命的1/20000。这可能可以解释为什麼对于儿童来说时间比成年人似乎流逝得慢<ref name=alder>{{cite web | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies | title = Look how time flies . . . | author = Adler R | date = 1999-12-25 | publisher = New Scientist | accessdate = 2009-10-22 | archive-date = 2019-05-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190508143518/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>。短的时间好像与年龄的平方根的比例快<ref name = "Jo_DiLonardo_1994">{{cite news | last1 = Jo DiLonardo | first1 = Mary | name-list-format = vanc | title = Time Does Fly As We Grow Older | url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-02-06/features/9402060210_1_psychology-professor-adult-school-year | work = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = 1994-02-06 | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2016-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425120403/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-02-06/features/9402060210_1_psychology-professor-adult-school-year | dead-url = no }}</ref>。所以一个55岁的人觉得一年比一个11岁的人觉得的快2.25倍。假如长期时间的感受与人的年龄成[[比例]]的话那么下面的时间期会被感受为一样长：5到10岁，10到20岁，20到40岁，40到80岁<ref name="alder" />。

一个解释认为对于小孩子来说大多数外部和内部的体验都是新的，而对成年人来说大多数体验是重复。孩子们的注意力非常集中在此刻，因为他们必须不断地更改他们对世界的模型来适合外部的环境，对外部环境正确反应。而成年人很少更改他们的世界模型和外部重复。成年人不断体验同一刺激后他们的大脑把这些刺激当作“不可见”，因为大脑已经能够足够和有效地反应了。这个现象被称为[[神经性适应]]。因此成年人的大脑记录的记忆比较少<ref name="url_The_Buffer_Blog">{{cite web | url = http://blog.bufferapp.com/the-science-of-time-perception-how-to-make-your-days-longer | title = The science of time perception: stop it slipping away by doing new things | author = Cooper BB | date = 2013-07-02 | work =  | publisher = The Buffer Blog | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2013-08-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810003132/http://blog.bufferapp.com/the-science-of-time-perception-how-to-make-your-days-longer | dead-url = yes }}</ref>。其结果是成年人觉得时间过得快。

===药物===
[[兴奋剂]]加快时间的感受，而[[降凝剂]]和麻醉品降慢时间的感受。

有心理作用的药物会改变对时间的判断。传统的致幻药品如[[D-麦角酸二乙胺]]、[[裸盖菇素]]、[[麦司卡林]]和分离性的致幻药品如[[苯环己哌啶]]、[[氯胺酮]]、[[右美沙芬]]等都对时间感知有作用。在高计量下时间会放慢、加快或者好像断续。1955年英国议会议员[[克里斯托弗·梅休]]在他的朋友[[汉弗莱·奥斯蒙德]]的指导下服用麦司卡林。他在英国广播公司的纪录片《内心以外》中说在试验过程里他多次感觉“时间没有终止”。

人和鼠在服用兴奋剂后都会觉得时间加速<ref name=wittmann2 /><ref name=cheng />，降凝剂的作用正好相反<ref name=tinklenberg />。脑内[[多巴胺]]和[[去甲肾上腺素]]等[[神经递质]]的浓度可能是这些反应的原因<ref name=arzy />。尤其多巴胺与人的时间感知的关系密切。激活多巴胺受体的药物加速人对时间的感知，而多巴胺拮抗剂则使人觉得时间降慢<ref name=Guardian /><ref name="Rammsayer_1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rammsayer T | title = Is there a common dopaminergic basis of time perception and reaction time? | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2573003 | doi = 10.1159/000118549 }}</ref>。

===体温===
体温升高后人对时间的感知会加快，体温降低后会变慢<ref name=ncbi2 />。

===时间顺序逆转现象===
众多试验发现在特殊情况下人会错排事件发生的时间顺序。不断接受非同时刺激后人会错判刺激的同时性。戴维·伊格尔曼通过延缓试验者的动作使得试验者把事件发生的顺序颠倒。在这个试验里试验者玩不同的电子游戏。试验者不知道的是他们动作鼠标和获得感知反馈之间有一定的延缓。比如他在移动鼠标150毫秒后才看到鼠标在屏幕上动。试验者很快适应了这个延缓因此觉得这个延缓没有那么强烈。此后这个延缓被取消，试验者会感觉好像屏幕上的运动是在他们移动鼠标前就发生了。这个试验显示人的期待会影响对时间的感知，以及这样的期待会很快产生<ref name="pmid16950162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stetson C, Cui X, Montague PR, Eagleman DM | title = Motor-sensory recalibration leads to an illusory reversal of action and sensation | journal = Neuron | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 651–9 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16950162 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.006 | url = http://www.eaglemanlab.net/papers/StetsonetalNeuron2006.pdf | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021519/http://www.eaglemanlab.net/papers/StetsonetalNeuron2006.pdf | archivedate = 2013年9月28日 | df =  }}</ref>。哈加德和同事2002年做了一个试验，在这个试验里试验者按一个按钮100毫秒后会看到一定距离外的一道闪光<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eagleman DM | title = Human time perception and its illusions | journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–6 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18639634 | pmc = 2866156 | doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002 }}</ref>。重复这个经验使得试验者适应这个延迟。此后闪光在试验者按按钮后立刻出现，试验者会觉得好像闪光出现在他们按按钮前。此外在延迟被稍微缩短和闪光的距离被缩短后试验者也往往说觉得闪光出现在按按钮前。

一些试验发现两只手左右交叉后每只手迅速相继接受[[触觉]]刺激后会导致时间顺序逆转现象。但是先天失明的人在这样的试验里没有显示时间顺序逆转。这个试验说明先天失明的人在感受刺激顺序的过程里没有把视觉空间的信号结合进来。但是不是先天失明的人在类似试验里的感受和不失明的人一样。这说明触觉信号和视觉空间信号之间的链接是在幼儿时期就形成的。一些研究还发现手在背后交叉产生的时间顺序逆转的强度不像手在身前交叉所造成的逆转<ref name="pmid11426234">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamamoto S, Kitazawa S | title = Reversal of subjective temporal order due to arm crossing | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = 759–65 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11426234 | doi = 10.1038/89559 | url = http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/yamamoto%20(2001)%20reversal%20of%20subjective%20temporal%20order%20due%20to%20arm%20crossing.pdf | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2015-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142713/http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/yamamoto%20(2001)%20reversal%20of%20subjective%20temporal%20order%20due%20to%20arm%20crossing.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="pmid23200703">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sambo CF, Torta DM, Gallace A, Liang M, Moseley GL, Iannetti GD | title = The temporal order judgement of tactile and nociceptive stimuli is impaired by crossing the hands over the body midline | journal = Pain | volume = 154 | issue = 2 | pages = 242–7 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23200703 | doi = 10.1016/j.pain.2012.10.010 | url = http://www.bodyinmind.org/wp-content/uploads/1-s2.0-S0304395912005611-main.pdf | author =  | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928081457/http://www.bodyinmind.org/wp-content/uploads/1-s2.0-S0304395912005611-main.pdf | archive-date = 2013-09-28 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="pmid22761307">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi T, Kansaku K, Wada M, Shibuya S, Kitazawa S | title = Neural correlates of tactile temporal-order judgment in humans: an fMRI study | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 1952–64 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 22761307 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhs179 }}</ref>。

===闪光延迟效应===
在一个试验里试验者瞪着一个计算机屏幕上的X符号，同时一个蓝色的环多次环绕X符号转<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Kotler | first1 = Steven | name-list-format = vanc | title = When Life Flashes Before Your Eyes: A 15-Story Drop to Study the Brain's Internal Timewarp | url = http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-03/how-time-flies | website = Popular Science | publisher = Bonnier Corporation | date = 12 April 2010 | accessdate = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2014-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011234410/http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-03/how-time-flies | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Eagleman | first1 = DM | last2 = Sejnowski | first2 = TJ | name-list-format = vanc | title = Flash-Lag Effect | url = http://www.eaglemanlab.net/flashlag | website = Eagleman Laboratory for Perception and Action | date = 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140801091656/http://eaglemanlab.net/flashlag/ | archivedate = 2014年8月1日 | df =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11184992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel SS, Ogmen H, Bedell HE, Sampath V | title = Flash-lag effect: differential latency, not postdiction | journal = Science | volume = 290 | issue = 5494 | pages = 1051 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11184992 | doi = 10.1126/science.290.5494.1051a | url = http://eaglemanlab.net/papers/EagleSejScience3.pdf | access-date = 2017-07-01 | archive-date = 2014-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055953/http://eaglemanlab.net/papers/EagleSejScience3.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>。偶尔环的内部会闪亮白色的闪光，闪光的时间不到一秒钟长。但是试验者报告说他们看到的白色闪光延迟在运动的环的后面。也就是说闪光似乎跟在运动的物体后面。这个现象被称为闪光延迟效应。

最初的解释认为大脑预测运动物体的位置，但是不预测闪光的位置，因此产生延迟的感觉。第二个解释认为视觉系统处理运动物体的速度比闪光快。为了证明第一个解释是错误的，伊格尔曼在闪光后立刻扭转环的运动。假如第一个解释是正确的，那么试验者会觉得闪光位于环的前面。但是实际上试验者说他们觉得闪光依然延迟在环的后面。这个试验支持第二个解释。最近的研究试图融合这两个解释<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khoei MA, Masson GS, Perrinet LU | title = The flash-lag effect as a motion-based predictive shift | journal = PLoS Computational Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = e1005068 | date = January 2017 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005068 | url = http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005068 | access-date = 2020-10-12 | archive-date = 2017-09-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917104630/http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1005068 | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

===病===
[[帕金森氏症]]<ref name=pastor />、[[精神分裂症]]<ref name=davalos />和[[注意力不足過動症]]<ref name=levy />与脑内多巴胺浓度不正常有关，也与时间感知不正常有关。神经药物学研究证明测量秒到分钟长度的体内钟与基底神经节多巴胺功能有关<ref name="davalos" />。注意力不足过动症的孩子在做测量时间任务时显示时间对他们来说流逝得非常慢。患有抽动秽语综合征 的孩子在估计一秒钟以上的时间时比其他孩子强，他们需要前额叶皮层来控制他们的毛病。

[[奧利佛·薩克斯]]在他的书《醒来》里讨论帕金森氏病患者无法正确感知时间和速度。比如他让E先生有节奏地拍手，但是E先生只能在开始的时候有节奏地拍手，此后他拍手的速度越来越快和不规则，最后他的动作冻结。他结束后问观众他们对他的表现是否满意。当他们说“不”时他觉得很委屈，因为他觉得他拍手很规律。服用[[L-多巴]]后这个症状减轻，在服用大量L-多巴后甚至完全消失。这个试验不但显示了帕金森氏病影响时间感知，而且显示了多巴胺的作用<ref name=sacks />。

在注意力不足過動症里多巴胺可能也有它的作用。多巴胺系统涉及[[工作记忆]]和抑制过程。这是注意力不足過動症的两个主要病状<ref name=levy />。患这个病的孩子也在时间感知测试里有很大的缺陷。与做对比的不患病孩子相比他们在时间重复试验里回应得早<ref name=smith />。

心理学家注意到神经分裂症病人除其它感知异常外对时间的感知也产生变化。这个现象首次于1927年由闵科斯基描述<ref name=franck />。许多神经分裂症患者不把时间感知为一系列相互有关的事件发生的过程。与普通人相比神经分裂症病人似乎在感知时间时有延迟。

一些研究认为这些时间感知缺陷可能导致病人感受到的幻觉的一部分。一些学者认为“时间感知缺陷导致运动原因和运动感知的缺陷。”<ref name=franck/>