编辑“情绪”（章节）

==分类==
{{cn|目前的[[心理学]]界在情绪分类上分裂为两大观点：第一种观点认为，情绪可以被划分为完全割裂的几大类；第二种观点认为，大部分情绪只是程度上不同，本质是一样的。}}

支持情绪分类的[[学者]]普遍认为，人类具有十几种“基本情绪”，这些情绪含有生理因素，为全[[人类]]所共有。在此基础上，不同的文化对基本情绪有不同的诠释，还有一些情绪在特定社会条件下才会产生，这些被称为“复杂情绪”。<ref>Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. ''American Psychologist'', 35, 691-712.</ref><ref>Izard, C. E. (1991). ''The psychology of emotions''. New York: Plenum Press.</ref>基本情绪必须具有以下特点:<ref>Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). ''The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions'' (pp. 20-24). New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>
*出于[[本能]]，不是后天学习到的。
*所有人面对同一种情况都会产生同一种情绪。
*所有人表达基本情绪的方法都相似，并能被其他人类理解。
*产生这些情绪时，所有人都有相似的生理模式。
[[File:Caught red-handed.jpg|thumb|[[惊奇]]]]

常见的基本情绪有：[[喜悦]]、[[愤怒]]、[[悲伤]]、[[恐惧]]、[[厌恶]]、[[惊奇]]<ref name=Handel>{{cite web|last=Handel|first=Steven|title=Classification of Emotions|url=http://www.theemotionmachine.com/classification-of-emotions|accessdate=30 April 2012|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122220519/http://www.theemotionmachine.com/classification-of-emotions/|dead-url=no}}</ref>、[[羨慕]]。常见的复杂情绪有：[[窘迫]]、[[内疚]]、[[害羞]]、[[骄傲]]。由[[道德]]因素产生的情绪都是复杂情绪。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bernett|first=Stephanie|author2=Geoffrey Bird|author3=Jorge Moll|author4=Chris Frith|author5=Sarah-Jayne Blakemore|title=Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=21|issue=9|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2009.21121|accessdate=16 March 2012|doi=10.1162/jocn.2009.21121|pmid=18823226|date=September 2009|archive-date=2020-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723023628/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2009.21121}}</ref>

还有一些学者认为，情绪之间不是割裂的概念，而是在同一个[[光谱]]上递增或者两极化。如Robert Plutchik 认为，八个基本情绪是四个情绪光谱的两极：欢乐与悲伤相反，愤怒与恐惧相反，信任与不信任相反，期待与惊喜相反。<ref name=Handel/>不适用于光谱的情绪是一些基本情绪混合产生的，就像[[三原色]]可以混合成很多种[[颜色]]。例如不信任发展到极致是厌恶，愤怒和厌恶混合是鄙视；不信任和恐惧混合是不安；欢乐和信任混合是爱。<ref>Plutchik , R. (2002). Nature of emotions. American Scientist,89, 349.</ref>

根据激发情绪的原因，一些[[神经学]]者把情绪分为“经典情绪”和“稳态情绪”。经典情绪包括爱、愤怒和恐惧等。这些情绪通常由外界环境引发，通过感受器官影响主体（如因为看到、听到、闻到的事物产生爱）。<ref name="Denton2006p10">{{cite book |author=Derek A. Denton |title=The primordial emotions: the dawning of consciousness |url=https://archive.org/details/primodialemotion0000dent |date=8 June 2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/primodialemotion0000dent/page/10 10] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920314-7}}</ref> “稳态情绪”是人体[[内稳态]]失调产生的，包括疼痛、饥饿、口渴和疲劳等。<ref name=Craig2003>{{Cite journal |last=[http://www.cba.arizona.edu/People/Faculty/Craig-A.htm Craig] |first=A.D. (Bud) |year=2003 |title=Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body |journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology |volume=13 |pages=500–505 |pmid=12965300 |doi=10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4 |url=http://www.jsmf.org/meetings/2007/oct-nov/CONB%20Craig%202003.pdf |issue=4 |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504070045/https://www.jsmf.org/meetings/2007/oct-nov/CONB%20Craig%202003.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> <ref name="Denton2006p7">{{cite book |author=Derek A. Denton |title=The primordial emotions: the dawning of consciousness |url=https://archive.org/details/primodialemotion0000dent |date=8 June 2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/primodialemotion0000dent/page/7 7] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920314-7}}</ref>这些情绪由内[[感受器]]传达给[[中枢神经系统]]，促使主体行动，以恢复稳态（如血糖下降使人感到饥饿不安，必须去寻找食物）。<ref>{{Cite book |last=[http://www.cba.arizona.edu/People/Faculty/Craig-A.htm Craig] |first=A.D. (Bud) |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. |editor2-last=Haviland-Jones |editor2-first=J.M. |editor3-last=Feldman Barrett |editor3-first=L. |title=Handbook of Emotion |edition=3 |year=2008 |publisher=The Guildford Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59385-650-2 |pages=272–288 |chapter=Interoception and emotion: A neuroanatomical perspective |chapterurl=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DFK1QwlrOUAC&pg=PA272 |accessdate=6 September 2009 |archive-date=2015-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173220/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DFK1QwlrOUAC&pg=PA272 |dead-url=no }}</ref>稳态情绪由大脑较低级的部分产生，只有强烈到一定程度才能引起主观[[意识]]注意。但在极强烈的情况下可以控制大脑较高级的区域，包括产生理性思考的[[额叶]]。<ref name="Denton2006p7"/>

2017年，加州大學伯克利分校的研究人員Alan Cowen和Dacher Keltner基於2185部短片，發現了27種情緒：欽佩，崇拜，審美欣賞，娛樂，憤怒，焦慮，敬畏，尷尬，無聊厭倦，鎮定，困惑，輕蔑鄙視，渴望，失望厭惡，同情移情，痛苦，進取，興奮，妒忌，刺激，恐懼，驚慄，內疚，喜悅快樂，懷舊，勝利，驕傲，解脫，浪漫，悲傷，滿足，性慾，驚喜。<ref>{{Cite web|title=研究人员发现人的情绪有27种类型_科普中国网|url=http://www.kepuchina.cn/yc/201709/t20170908_223609.shtml|accessdate=2020-02-07|work=www.kepuchina.cn|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122220544/http://www.kepuchina.cn/yc/201709/t20170908_223609.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Psychologists Identify Twenty Seven Distinct Categories of Emotion – Psychology|url=http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/psychology/27-categories-emotion-05212.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|website=Sci-news.com|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125165706/http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/psychology/27-categories-emotion-05212.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Emotions Evoked by Video|url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/emogifs/map.html|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2020-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212110801/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/emogifs/map.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>