编辑“女性主義”（章节）

== 女性主义与科学 ==
[[桑德拉·哈丁]]说，“妇女运动的道德见解和政治见解激发了社会科学家和生物学家，他们批判传统研究者解读性别、性、社会和自然世界关系的方式。”<ref name=Harding_method>{{cite book|author=Harding, Sandra|editor=Nancy Tuana|year=1989|title=Feminism & Science|chapter= 'Is Therea Feminist Method'|publisher=Indianna University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20525-4|page=17}}</ref>{{le|露丝·哈伯德|Ruth Hubbard}}和{{le|伊芙琳·福克斯·凯勒|Evelyn Fox Keller}}等女性主义者批判传统的{{le|科学修辞学|rhetoric of science|科学论述}}是有历史偏见的，是基于男性视角的。<ref>{{cite book|author=Hubbard, Ruth|year=1990|title=The Politics of Women's Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofwomens00hubb|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-1490-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofwomens00hubb/page/16 16]}}</ref>女性主義研究议程的一部分是审查科学和学术机构内的权力不平等是如何产生并愈演愈烈的。<ref name="QCommRsrch">{{cite book | last1 = Lindlof | first1 = Thomas R. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = Bryan C. | title = Qualitative Communication Research Methods | url = https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind | publisher = Sage Publications | location = Thousand Oaks, Calif | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7619-2493-7 |page = [https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/357 357]}}</ref>物理学家[[麗莎·藍道爾]]讨论了极富争议的话题，即“为何在科学和工程领域女性偏少”，随后被时任哈佛大学校长的[[劳伦斯·萨默斯]]任命到特派工作小组，她说“我只想看到更多女性进入这一领域，这样这类问题便可不复出现。”<ref>{{cite news|author=Holloway, Marguerite|title=The Beauty of Branes|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-beauty-of-branes|date=2005-09-26|work=Scientific American|publisher=Nature America|accessdate=2011-12-12|page=2|archive-date=2013-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080004/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-beauty-of-branes|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[莱恩·内尔森]]强调：女性主義运动经验主义者发现男人与女人的经历有本质区别。因此，他们希望通过了解女性经历来获取知识，以“揭示产生忽略、错误评价、贬低女性等后果”，并以此对一系列的人类经验做出解释。<ref>{{cite book|author=Hankinson Nelson, Lynn |year=1990|title=''Who Knows: from Quine To a Feminist Empiricism''|url=https://archive.org/details/whoknowsfromquin0000nels |publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-0-87722-647-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/whoknowsfromquin0000nels/page/30 30]}}</ref>女性主义研究议程的另一部分是揭露在社会和科学学术机构中，权力不平等是如何产生并愈演愈烈的。<ref name="QCommRsrch"/>而且，虽然呼吁大家多关注一下文学文献中性别不平等的结构，但性别歧视的结构性分析很少出现在高度引用的心理学期刊中，尤其是在心理学和人格这类共同研究领域。<ref>Cortina, L. M., Curtin, N., & Stewart, A. J. (2012). "Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36", 259-273. doi: [http://pwq.sagepub.com/ 10.1177/0361684312448056] {{Wayback|url=http://pwq.sagepub.com/ |date=20130317042125 }}</ref>

有人批判女性主义认识论，认为其调查结果受社会和政治价值观的影响。<ref>{{cite book|author=Hankinson Nelson, Lynn |year=1997|title=''Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science''|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-4611-1|page=61}}</ref>苏珊·哈克也指出：女性主义认识论加强了关于女性思想的传统论调（在直觉和情感等方面），米拉·南达更提醒人们女性主义认识论实际上可能会将女性禁锢于“传统的性别角色并证明了父权主义的合理性“。<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/ |title=Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science |author=Anderson, Elizabeth, |publisher=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |accessdate=2011-12-06 |year=2011 |journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |issue=Spring 2011 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |archive-date=2009-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127204532/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

=== 生物学和性别 ===
{{See also|本质主义<!--|性别分化-->}}
现代女性主义科学质疑了生物实在说中有关[[性別 (文化)|性别]]的观点。<ref>{{cite book |last=Code |first=Lorraine |title=Encyclopedia of feminist theories |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |isbn=0-415-13274-6 |page=89}}</ref><ref>Bern, Sandra L., ''The lenses of gender: transforming the debate on sexual inequality'', Yale University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-300-05676-1, p. 6.</ref>例如，{{le|法斯托·丝达琳|Anne Fausto-Sterling}}在《性别神话》一书中探索了包含于科学研究中的支持生物[[本质主义|实在]]说性别观点的设想。<ref name="Fausto-Sterling">{{Cite book |last=Fausto-Sterling |first=Anne |title=Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men |year=1992 |publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York, New York  |isbn=0-465-04792-0}}</ref>{{le|科莉迪亚·法恩|Cordelia Fine}}在《{{le|性别错觉|Delusions of Gender}}》一书中对男人与女人的思维有先天生理差异的这一说法的科学依据提出了质疑，并声称人们把个体差异归结为性别差异的根源是文化和社会信仰。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Cordelia |title=Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference |url=https://archive.org/details/delusionsofgende00cord |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2010}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>

=== 女性主义心理学 ===
{{main|女性主义心理学}}
女性主义心理学是以一种批判男性视角主导心理学研究的形式出现的，即批判只用男性受试者研究男性视角的心理学研究。如今女性得到了心理学博士的学位，女性以及有关女性的议题才被引入为合法的研究课题。女性主义心理学强调社会环境、生活经验和定性分析。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Worell|first1=Judith|title=Feminism in Psychology: Revolution or Evolution?|journal=The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=September 2000|volume=571|pages=183–196|url=http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~pchsiung/summer/SCMEDIA/Worell.pdf|accessdate=2014-07-12|doi=10.1177/0002716200571001013|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173114/http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~pchsiung/summer/SCMEDIA/Worell.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>女性心理学的呼声等项目已把{{le|女性主义心理学的影响|Psychology's Feminist Voices}}编入了学科目录。<ref>{{cite web|title=Psychology's Feminist Voices|url=http://www.feministvoices.com|website=Psychology's Feminist Voices|accessdate=2014-07-12|archive-date=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602013849/http://www.feministvoices.com/|dead-url=no}}</ref>