编辑“图帕”（章节）

==== 神智学及佛教起源 ====
[[File:Music of Gounod - Annie Besant Thought Form - Project Gutenberg eText 16269.jpg|thumb|[[安妮·贝赞特]]在1901年出版的《思想形态》（''Thought-Forms''）一书中描绘了[[夏尔·古诺|古诺]]音乐的思念体的模样]]
20世纪初的神智学者将[[密宗]]的[[應身|应身]]概念引入为神智学的“图帕”和“思念体（thoughtform）”概念。<ref name="Mikles" />

1901年{{NoteTag|一说1905年}}，神智学者[[安妮·贝赞特]]于通神学会出版了《{{Le|思想形态 (书籍)|Thought-Forms (book)|思想形态}}》一书，其中将思念体分为三类：创造者的形态；与人或物相似的形状，即可被自然灵或亡者附魂的形态；代表星光界和理智界内在品质的形态，如情绪<ref>{{cite book|last1=贝赞特|first1=安妮|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16269/16269-h/16269-h.htm|title=Thought-Forms|last2=Leadbeater|first2=C. W.|date=1901|publisher=The Theosophical Publishing House|chapter=Three classes of thought-forms|author-link=安妮·贝赞特|author-link2=Charles Webster Leadbeater|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210191202/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16269/16269-h/16269-h.htm|archive-date=2016-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref>。在{{Le|沃尔特·埃文斯-温茨|Walter Evans-Wentz}}1927年翻译的《[[西藏度亡经]]》中也使用了“thoughtform”一词。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evans-Wentz|first1=W. T.|title=The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Or The After-Death Experiences on the Bardo Plane, according to Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English Rendering|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198030517|location=New York|pages=29–32, 103, 123, 125}}</ref>这一概念也被运用在西方的魔术实践中。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=David Michael|title=Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation|last2=Ellwood|first2=Taylor|last3=Wagener|first3=Amanda R.|date=2003|publisher=Egregore Publishing|isbn=9781932517446|edition=1st|location=Perrysburg, Ohio}}</ref>

神秘学家{{Le|威廉·沃克·阿特金森|William Walker Atkinson}}则在他1912年出版的《The Human Aura》一书中描述，思念体是由人们的思考和感情产生，通过人体周围的[[气场]]形成简单且缥缈的物体<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panchadsi|first1=Swami|url=https://borderlandsciences.org/project/aura/ref/panchadasi/ch6.html|title=The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms|date=1912|publisher=Yoga Publication Society|pages=47–54|chapter=Thought Form|author-link=William Walker Atkinson|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003151932/https://borderlandsciences.org/project/aura/ref/panchadasi/ch6.html|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref>。他在《Clairvoyance and Occult Powers》一书中进一步阐述了经验丰富的神秘学实践者如何从他们的气场中生成思念体，这些思念体作为[[星體投射|星体投射]]，可能看起来像也可能不像投射者，或者作为幻象，只能被那些“觉醒的星体感官”所察觉。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panchadsi|first1=Swami|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12480/12480.txt|title=Clairvoyance and Occult Powers|date=1916|chapter=Strange astral phenomena|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626055033/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12480/12480.txt|archive-date=2009-06-26|url-status=live}}</ref>