编辑“女性主義”（章节）

== 反应 ==
不同群体的人对女性主义做出了反应，其支持者和反对者中都既有男性又有女性。美国大学生中，无论男女，他们更多的是支持女性主义思想而不是自称为女性主义者。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00159.x |title=Disavowing Social Identities: What It Means when Women Say, 'I'm Not a Feminist, but&nbsp;...' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2004-12_28_4/page/423 |year=2004 |last1=Zucker |first1=Alyssa N. |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=423–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1007044802798 |year=2000 |last1=Burn |first1=Shawn Meghan |last2=Aboud |first2=Roger |last3=Moyles |first3=Carey |title=The Relationship Between Gender Social Identity and Support for Feminism |journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]] |volume=42 |issue=11/12 |pages=1081–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00289954 |title=New wave or second stage? Attitudes of college women toward feminism |year=1987 |last1=Renzetti |first1=Claire M. |journal=Sex Roles |volume=16 |issue=5–6 |pages=265–77}}</ref> 美国媒体对女权主义的评价比较消极，并认为女权主义者“不经常参与正常女性的日常生活和娱乐活动。”<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02540.x |title=The Framing of Feminists and Feminism in News and Public Affairs Programs in U.S. Electronic Media |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-communication_2002-03_52_1/page/211 |year=2002 |last1=Lind |first1=Rebecca Ann |last2=Salo |first2=Colleen |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=52 |pages=211–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00348.x |title=Effects of Stereotypes About Feminists on Feminist Self-Identification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2007-06_31_2/page/146 |year=2007 |last1=Roy |first1=Robin E. |last2=Weibust |first2=Kristin S. |last3=Miller |first3=Carol T. |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=146–56}}</ref> 然而，最近的研究表明，由于人们接触了自我认定为女性主义者的人、了解与不同形式的女性主义有关的讨论，他们对女性主义的自我认同在增加。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moradi | first1 = B. | last2 = Martin | first2 = A. | last3 = Brewster | first3 = M. E. | year = 2012 | title = Disarming the threat to feminist identification: An application of personal construct theory to measurement and intervention | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2012-06_36_2/page/197| journal = Psychology of Women Quarterly | volume = 36 | issue = | pages = 197–209 | doi = 10.1177/0361684312440959 }}</ref> {{le|罗伊·鲍迈斯特|Roy Baumeister}}批评那些「只关注社会上层并把社会看做一个整体来下结论」的女性主义者，「的确，社会上层大多数是男性，但是如果你放眼于社会底层，真正在社会最底层的，大多数人同样是男性。」 <ref>{{Cite web |last = Storr |first = Will |date = March 2014 |title = The man who destroyed America's ego |url = http://medium.com/matter/94d214257b5 |work = Matter |publisher = medium.com |accessdate = 2014-03-22 |archive-date = 2014-03-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140323004606/https://medium.com/matter/94d214257b5 |dead-url = no }}</ref>

=== 擁女主義 ===
{{main|擁女主義}}
拥女主义者支持女性主义，但支持者并不一定是女性主义运动的一员。这一术语最常用来指积极支持女性主义的男性。拥女主义男性团体的活动包括男孩和青年反对校园暴力行为，在工作场所开展防治[[性骚扰]]工作组，进行社区教育活动，劝告男性暴力犯罪者。拥女主义男性也可以讨论男性健康，参与包括反色情法的反色情运动，[[男性研究]]以及学校的[[性別平等]]课程发展。他们有时也与女性主义者和家庭暴力与强暴危机中心等女性服务机构合作。<ref name=Lingard>{{Cite book |last1=Lingard |first1=Bob |last2=Douglas |first2=Peter |title=Men Engaging Feminisms: Pro-Feminism, Backlashes and Schooling |url=https://archive.org/details/menengagingfemin0000ling |year=1999 |publisher=Open University Press |location=Buckingham, England |isbn=0-335-19818-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/menengagingfemin0000ling/page/192 192]}}</ref><ref name="Kimmel-Tide">{{Cite book |last1=Kimmel |first2=Thomas E. |authorlink1=Michael Kimmel |last2=Mosmiller |title=Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776–1990: A Documentary History |url=https://archive.org/details/againsttide00rces |year=1992 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8070-6767-3}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>

=== 对女性主义的批判 ===
{{Anchor|Critique of Feminism and Anti-feminism}}
{{main|反女權主義}}
反女性主义是反对女性主义的一部分或全部形式。<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Anti-feminist |title=The Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989}}</ref>

在19世纪，反女性主义主要集中在反对女性参政。后来，反对女性进入高等教育机构学习的人认为教育对女性来说是一个沉重的负担。其他反女性主义者反对女性外出工作，反对女性加入工会的权力，不允许女性进入陪审团，反对女性拥有控制生育的权力，并要求女性在性行为方面遵循伴侣的要求。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael |year=2004 |chapter=Antifeminism |editor1-last=Kimmel |editor1-first=Michael |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=[https://archive.org/details/menmasculinities00kimm/page/35 35]–7 |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/menmasculinities00kimm }}</ref>

有些人认为女性主义与传统价值观或宗教信仰相悖，因此他们反对女性主义。例如，这些人认为社会不应该接受离婚和不结婚的女人，男人和女人本质上不同，因此他们应该维持自己在社会中的传统角色。<ref>{{cite book |first1=Carrie L. |last1=Lukas |title=The politically incorrect guide to women, sex, and feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/politicallyincor0000luka |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1-59698-003-6}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Mary A. |last1=Kassian |title=The feminist mistake: the radical impact of feminism on church and culture |publisher=Crossway |year=2005 |isbn=1-58134-570-4}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlafly |first1=Phyllis |year=1977 |title=The Power of the Positive Woman |url=https://archive.org/details/powerofpositive00schl |location=New York |publisher=Arlington House Publishers}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> 其他反女性主义者反对女性外出工作，反对女性参政或参与投票过程，也反对家庭中男性权威的减弱。<ref>{{cite web |last=Gottfried |first=Paul |year=2001 |title=The Trouble With Feminism |publisher=Lew Rockwell |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried9.html |accessdate=2006-09-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920034558/http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried9.html |archivedate=2006-09-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Calvert |first=John |title=Islamism: a documentary and reference |url=https://archive.org/details/islamismdocument0000calv |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |isbn=0-313-33856-6}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{{le|卡米拉·帕格里亚|Camille Paglia}}、{{le|克里斯蒂娜·霍夫·萨默斯|Christina Hoff Sommers}}、{{le|珍·贝斯克·爱尔希坦|Jean Bethke Elshtain}}、{{le|伊丽莎白·福克斯·真鲁维斯|Elizabeth Fox-Genovese}}、[[丽莎·露赛尔·欧文斯]]、{{le|达芬妮·帕泰|Daphne Patai}}等作家虽然也认同自己是女性主义者，但他们反对某些女性主义形式，例如，她们认为女性主义经常宣扬[[男性貶抑]]的思想并宣称女性的利益高于男性，她们批判说激进的女性主义立场对男性和女性都有害。<ref name="Hoff_Sommers">{{Cite book |last=Sommers |first=Christina Hoff |authorlink=Christina Hoff Sommers |title=[[Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women]] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |ISBN = 0-684-80156-6 |page=320}}</ref> {{le|达芬妮·帕泰|Daphne Patai}}和诺丽塔·克瑞杰认为“反女性主义者”这一术语常被用来平息人们对女性主义的争论。<ref name=Patai_Koertge>{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Daphne |author2=Noretta Koertge |title=Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies |ISBN = 0-7391-0455-1}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> 丽莎·露赛尔·欧文斯认为某些扩展到专属于女性的权利与重男轻女的的本质是一样的，因为这使女性失去了锻炼自己道德行为重要方面的机会。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2439294|title=Coerced Parenthood as Family Policy: Feminism, the Moral Agency of Women, and Men's 'Right to Choose'|publisher=|accessdate=2014-11-29|archive-date=2014-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223002030/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2439294|dead-url=no}}</ref>