编辑“安慰劑”（章节）

=== 安慰劑與痛楚 ===

嚴謹的研究發現，安慰劑可以舒緩痛症，而安慰劑對於舒緩早前已出現的痛楚比起由實驗誘發的痛楚更為有效。實驗測試對象能夠在特定情況下對[[止痛劑]]產生[[條件反射]]。當這些條件再次出現，大腦會進行一系列[[神經]]活動，從而產生止痛效果，而這些效果是可以透過客觀方法去量化的<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benedetti |first=Fabrizio |last2=Pollo |first2=Antonella |last3=Lopiano |first3=Leonardo |last4=Lanotte |first4=Michele |last5=Vighetti |first5=Sergio |last6=Rainero |first6=Innocenzo |date=2003-05-15 |title=Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic, Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses |url=https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003 |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=10 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003 |issn=0270-6474 |pmc=6741114 |pmid=12764120}}</ref><ref name="#1">{{Cite journal |last=Wager |first=Tor D. |last2=Rilling |first2=James K. |last3=Smith |first3=Edward E. |last4=Sokolik |first4=Alex |last5=Casey |first5=Kenneth L. |last6=Davidson |first6=Richard J. |last7=Kosslyn |first7=Stephen M. |last8=Rose |first8=Robert M. |last9=Cohen |first9=Jonathan D. |date=2004-02-20 |title=Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1093065 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=303 |issue=5661 |doi=10.1126/science.1093065 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=14976306 |access-date=2022-10-30 |archive-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521081800/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1093065 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[迪倫·伊文斯]]（Dylan Evans）於2004年提出質疑，指出安慰劑效應是透過抑壓身體[[急性反應]]（acute phase response）而出現，亦即是說，不是以急性反應為主導的醫學症狀不會出現安慰劑效應<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Dylan |date=2005 |title=Suppression of the acute-phase response as a biological mechanism for the placebo effect |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15533601&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum |journal=Medical Hypotheses |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.009 |issn=0306-9877 |pmid=15533601}}</ref>。