编辑“道德”（章节）

=== 哺乳類的道德能力 ===
Marc Bekoff和Jessica Pierce認為，道德是所有生活在復雜社會群體中的哺乳動物都可能共有的一系列行為能力，像是：狼、土狼、大象、海豚、老鼠、黑猩猩等。他們將道德定義為「一系列相互關聯的行為，用以培養和規範社會群體內的複雜互動。」這套行為包括：同理心、互惠、利他主義、合作和公平感<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=-0lw_d5gmvkC|title=Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals|last=Bekoff|first=Marc|last2=Pierce|first2=Jessica|date=2009-08-01|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=|isbn=9780226041667|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423080834/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=-0lw_d5gmvkC|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在相關研究中，黑猩猩被證明能在各種各樣的環境中表現出對同伴的同情<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Empathy in chimpanzees: Evidence for theory of mind?|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02382862|last=O’Connell|first=Sanjida M.|date=1995-07|journal=Primates|issue=3|doi=10.1007/bf02382862|volume=36|pages=397–410|language=en|issn=0032-8332|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423080905/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02382862|dead-url=no}}</ref>，他們甚至還具有到社會政治水平的欺騙能力<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674356616|title=Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals|last=Waal|first=Frans B. M. de|date=1997-10-15|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=|isbn=9780674356610|edition=Revised edition|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=|language=en|chapter=|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083821/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674356616}}</ref>，類似於人類的[[谣言|謠言]]和聲譽管理行為的原型。