编辑“心理学”（章节）

=== 临床 ===
{{main|臨床心理學|輔導}}
临床心理学的研究与应用包括理解、预防、缓解心理痛苦与[[精神病|紊乱]]，促进[[心理健康]]和个人成长。虽然临床心理学家也会参与研究、教学、咨询、出庭作证、程序编订与管理，但该分支的中心是心理测评与[[心理治疗|治疗]]。<ref name="brain">Brain, Christine. (2002). ''Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.'' Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-17-490058-0</ref>一些临床心理学家会着重于对[[脑损伤]]的病人进行临床监护，这一领域被称为{{tsl|en|Clinical neuropsychology|临床神经心理学}}。在许多国家里，临床心理学是受到管制的[[心理健康专业]]。

临床心理学家所做的努力受到诸多治疗方案的影响，所有方案都包括专业人士与患者（通常是个人、夫妻、家庭、或小群体）之间的正式关系。不同的治疗实践方案与不同的理论观点相互关联，采用不同的流程来建立治疗组合、探究心理病因、鼓励新的方法来思考、感受、行动。四大治疗理论观点包括{{tsl|en|Psychodynamic psychotherapy|精神动力治疗}}、[[认知行为疗法|认知行为治疗]]、[[人本主义心理学|存在—人本主义治疗]]和{{tsl|en|Family therapy|系统/家庭治疗}}。目前有趋势表明一部分心理家正在努力整合各个治疗派系，特别是在对文化、性别、精神、性取向的理解加深的情况下，这个趋势更加显著。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leichsenring, Falk; Leibing, Eric |year=2003 |title=The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2003-07_160_7/page/1223 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=7 |pages=1223–33 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Reisner, Andrew |year=2005 |title=The common factors, empirically validated treatments, and recovery models of therapeutic change |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-record_summer-2005_55_3/page/377 |journal=The Psychological Record |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=377–400}}</ref>在丰富的研究成果下，有证据表明各大治疗派系的效果趋于等同，并共享相同的基础元素，可以形成强大的心理治疗组合。正因为如此，更多的心理学培训课程采取了{{tsl|en|Integrative psychotherapy|折中的治疗趋向}}。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jensen, J.P.; Bergin, A.E.; Greaves, D.W. |year=1990 |title=The meaning of eclecticism: New survey and analysis of components |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_professional-psychology-research-and-practice_1990-04_21_2/page/124 |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=124–30 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.21.2.124}}</ref><ref>Palmer, S.; Woolfe, R. (eds.) (1999). ''Integrative and eclectic counselling and psychotherapy.'' London: Sage.</ref><ref>Clarkson, P. (1996). The eclectic and integrative paradigm: Between the Scylla of confluence and the Charybdis of confusion. In ''Handbook of Counselling Psychology'' (R. Woolfe & W.L. Dryden, eds.). London: Sage, pp. 258–83. ISBN 978-0-8039-8991-7</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfried, M.R.; Wolfe, B.E. |year=1998 |title=Toward a more clinically valid approach to therapy research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consulting-and-clinical-psychology_1998-02_66_1/page/143 |journal= Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=143–50 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.143 |pmid=9489268}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Seligman, M.E.P. |year=1995 |title=The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The ''Consumer Reports'' study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1995-12_50_12/page/965 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=965–74 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.965 |pmid=8561380}}</ref>